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Cross Sections of Liana Stems
Lianas (woody climbing plants), in contrast to trees and shrubs, usually have stems that have very distinctive anatomical architecture. Trees and shrubs for the most part have stems with a cylindrical core of wood surrounded by the bark (including phloem, periderm, and cortex). Lianas on the other hand, have a complex composition of woody and soft tissues mixed together into a cylindrical, flattened or lobed stem. Cross sections of liana stems reveal great diversity of patterns, many of which are useful in identifying families, genera, and even species of climbing plants. This diversity of structures can be summarized as follows (modified from Angyalossy, Pace & Lima. 2015. Liana anatomy: a broad perspective on structural evolution of the vascular system; pages 253-287. In; Schnitzer et al. (edts). Ecology of Lianas. J. Wiley & Sons, Ltd):