Stephen Cairns

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Department / Division

Education

Louisiana State University in New Orleans (UNO), B.S., 1971.
University of Miami (RSMAS) (Biological Oceanography), M.S., 1973.
University of Miami (RSMAS) (Biological Oceanography), PhD., 1976.

Affiliations

Past-president, current Secretary and Invertebrate editor of the Biological Society of Washington and Associate editor of the Atoll Research Bulletin. Tree of Life web project, Scleractinia, Octocoral Research Center.

Research Interests

Taxonomy, zoogeography, functional morphology, mineralogy, and evolution of the Stylasteridae, and deep-water Scleractinia and Octocorallia.

Publications

Maggioni, Davide, Terraneo, Tullia I., Chimienti, Giovanni, Marchese, Fabio, Pica, Daniela, Cairns, Stephen D., Eweida, Ameer A., Rodrigue, Mattie, Purkis, Sam J., and Benzoni, Francesca. 2022. "The First Deep-Sea Stylasterid (Hydrozoa, Stylasteridae) of the Red Sea." Diversity, 14, (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/d14040241.
Baron-Szabo, Rosemarie C., Cairns, Stephen D., and Stolarski, Jarosław. 2021. "Systematic descriptions of the Scleractinia - Family Fungiacyathidae." Treatise Online, 149 1–5. https://doi.org/10.17161/to.vi.15389.
Bernal, M. C., Cairns, Stephen D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., and Lauretta, D. 2021. "Stylasterids (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon and adjacent area (southwestern Atlantic), with a key to the species off Argentina." Zootaxa, 4969, (3) 401–452. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.3.1.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2021. "A new species of azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the western Atlantic, and a new name and record of Desmophyllum striatum sensu Cairns, 1979." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 134, (1) 1–5. https://doi.org/10.2988/134-2021-1-5.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Baron-Szabo, Rosemarie. 2021. "A brief review of the stony coral (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) papers published by Zootaxa in its first 20 years." Zootaxa, 4979, (1) 212–214. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.19.
Cairns, Stephen D., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Xu, Yu, Zhan, Zifeng, and Alderslade, Philip. 2021. "A new family and two new genera of calcaxonian octocora including a redescription of Pleurogorgia militaris (Cnidaria : Octocorallia : Chrysogorgiidae) and its placement in a new genus." Invertebrate Systematics, 35, (3) 282–297. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS20066.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Haussermann, Vreni. 2021. "A new species of Thouarella (Octocorallia: Primnoidae) from Chile." Spixiana, 44, (1) 1–8.
Filander, Zoleka N., Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Sink, Kerry J., and Lombard, Amanda T. 2021. "Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from South Africa." ZooKeys, 1066 1–198. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1066.69697.
Kitahara, Marcelo V. 2021. Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from New aledonia, Cairns, Stephen D., editor. Paris, France: Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. In Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos, Mem. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2020. "Late Miocene (Messinian) Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from Carboneras, southeastern Spain." Journal of Paleontology, 94, (2) 217–238. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.91.

Qurban, Mohammad A., Krishnakumar, Periyadan K., Joydas, Thadickal V., Manikandan, Karuppasamy P., Ashraf, T. T. M., Sampath, Goutham, Thiyagarajan, Duraisamy, He, Song, and Cairns, Stephen D. 2020. "Discovery of deep-water coral frameworks in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia." Scientific Reports, 10, (1) Article 15356. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72344-5.
Salinas-de-León, Pelayo, Martí-Puig, Patricia, Buglass, Salome, Arnés-Urgellés, Camila, Rastoin-Laplane, Etienne, Creemers, Marie, Cairns, Stephen, Fisher, Charles, O'Hara, Timothy, Ott, Bruce, Raineault, Nicole A., Reiswig, Henry, Rouse, Greg, Rowley, Sonia, Shank, Timothy M., Suarez, Jenifer, Watling, Les, Wicksten, Mary K., and Marsh, Leigh. 2020. "Characterization of deep-sea benthic invertebrate megafauna of the Galapagos Islands." Scientific Reports, 10, (1) Article 13894. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70744-1.
Tachikawa, Hiroyuki, Grygier, Mark J., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2020. "Live specimens of the parasite Petrarca madreporae (Crustacea: Ascothoracida) from the deep-water coral Madrepora oculata in Japan, with remarks on the development of its spectacular galls." Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 28, (1) 58–64. https://doi.org/10.6119/JMST.202002_28(1).0007.
Baron-Szabo, Rosemarie C. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2019. "Systematic descriptions of the Scleractinia Family Dendrophylliidae." Treatise Online, 119 1–33.
Bernal, M. C., Cairns, Stephen D., Penchaszadeh, P. E., and Lauretta, D. 2019. "Errina argentina sp. nov., a new stylasterid (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Mar del Plata submarine canyon (Southwest Atlantic)." Marine Biodiversity, 49, (2) 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0861-1.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Pica, Daniela. 2019. "A new Distichopora species (Cnidaria: Stylasteridae) from the mesophotic zone of Palau." Pacific Science, 73, (4) 493–499. https://doi.org/10.2984/73.4.5.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Taylor, Michelle L. 2019. "An illustrated key to the species of the genus Narella (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Primnoidae)." ZooKeys, 822 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.822.29922.
Cairns, Stephen D., editor. 2018. WORMS World Register of Marine Species.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2018. "Deep-Water Octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Galápagos and Cocos Islands. Part 1: Suborder Calcaxonia." ZooKeys, 729 1–46. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.21779.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2018. "Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) of the Okeanos Explorer expeditions (CAPSTONE) to the central Pacific." Zootaxa, 4532, (1) 1–43. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4532.1.1.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2018. "[Correction:] Deep-Water Octocorals (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. Part 1: Suborder Calcaxonia (vol 729, pg 1, 2018)." Zookeys, (735) 141–141. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.729.21779.
Cairns, Stephen D., Stone, Robert P., Moon, Hye-Won, and Lee, Jong Hee. 2018. "Primnoidae (Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) from the Emperor Seamounts, with Notes on Callogorgia elegans (Gray, 1870)." Pacific Science, 72, (1) 125–142. https://doi.org/10.2984/72.1.8.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Wirshing, Herman H. 2018. "A phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Calcaxonia) with analyses of character evolution and a key to the genera and subgenera." BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18, (66). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-018-1182-5.
Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Bayer, Frederick M., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2018. "Callogorgia lucaya sp. nov., a new species of deep-sea Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the western Atlantic." Zootaxa, 4441, (3) 529. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4441.3.6.
Lizcano-Sandoval, Luis D. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2018. "A new species of Stylaster (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Malpelo Island, Colombian Pacific." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 131, (1) 175–181. https://doi.org/10.2988/18-00003.
Baron-Szabo, R. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. "Part F, Revised, Volume 2, Chapter 11: Systematic descriptions of the Scleractinia family Micrabaciidae." Treatise Online, 98 1–8.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. "New azooxanthellate genus of Scleractinia (Flabellidae) from the Australian Cenozoic." Journal of Paleontology, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.83.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the U. S. Caribbean Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Caribbean Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. "New species of stylasterid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata: Stylasteridae) from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands." Pacific Science, 71, (1) 77–81. https://doi.org/10.2984/71.1.7.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Cordeiro, Ralf T. S. 2017. "A new genus and species of golden coral (Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Chrysogorgiidae) from the northwest Atlantic." ZooKeys, 668 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.668.12203.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Hourigan, T. F. 2017. A Comprehensive List of Known Deep-Sea Corals Occurring in the EEZ of the United States and its Possessions.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Hourigan, Thomas F. 2017. A Comprehensive List of Deep-Sea Corals Occurring in the EEZ of the United States and its Possessions.
Cairns, Stephen D., Stone, R. P., Berntson, E. A., and Pomponi, S. A. 2017. "Species Discovery of Deep-Water Corals and Sponges in U.S. Waters." In The State of Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States. NOAA Technical Memorandum NFS-OHC-4. Hourigan, T. F., Etnoyer, P. J., and Cairns, Stephen D., editors. 39–57. Silver Spring: NOAA.
Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Cairns, Stephen D., and Perez, Carlos D. 2017. "A revision of the genus Radicipes Stearns, 1883 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae)." Zootaxa, 4319, (1) 1–26. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4319.1.1.
Creed, Joel C., Fenner, Douglas, Sammarco, Paul, Cairns, Stephen D., Capel, Ká, Junqueira, Andrea O. R., Cruz, Igor, Miranda, Ricardo J., Carlos-Junior, Lelis, Mantelatto, Marcelo Checoli, and Oigman-Pszczol, Simone. 2017. "The invasion of the azooxanthellate coral Tubastraea (Scleractinia: Dendrophylliidae) throughout the world: history, pathways and vectors." Biological Invasions, 19, (1) 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1279-y.
Etnoyer, P. J. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Hourigan, T. F., Cairns, Stephen D., Reed, J., and Ross, S. W. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Southeast Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Hourigan, Thomas F., Etnoyer, Peter J., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. "Introduction to the State of Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States." In The State of Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States. Hourigan, Thomas F., Etnoyer, Peter J., and Cairns, Stephen D., editors. 1–38. Silver Spring: NOAA. In NOAA Technical Memorandum NFS-OHC-4.
Packer, D. B., Nizinski, M. S., Cairns, Stephen D., and Hourigan, T. F. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Northeast Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Packer, David B., Nizinski, Martha S., Cairns, Stephen D., and Hourigan, Thomas F. 2017. [Dataset] Deep‐Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. Northeast Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution. Distributed by States. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS‐OHC‐4.
Parrish, F. A., Baco-Taylor, A., Kelley, C., Cairns, Stephen D., and Hourigan, T. F. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the Hawaiian Archipelago and other U.S. Pacific Islands: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Stone, R. P. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the Alaska Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Whitmire, C. E., Clarke, M. E., Yoklavich, M. M., Everett, M. V., Hourigan, T. F., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2017. Deep-Sea Coral Taxa in the U.S. West Coast Region: Depth and Geographical Distribution.
Araya, F. A., Araya, M., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "First record of the azooxanthellate coral genus Coenocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 in the southeastern Pacific Ocean (Anthozoa, Scleractinia)." Spixiana, 39, (1) 23–27.
Baron-Szabo, R. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "Part F, revised, volume 2, chapter 10: Systematic descriptions of the Scleractinia family Rhizangiidae." Treatise Online, 80 1–10. https://doi.org/10.17161/to.v0i0.6462.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: New Zealand Primnoidae octocorals (Anthozoa: Alcyonacea). Part 2. Primnoella, Callozostron, Metafannyella, Fanellia and other genera. Wellington, New Zealand: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). In NIWA Biodiversity Memoir.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "A key to the genera and species of the transversely-dividing Flabellidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia, Flabellidae), with a guide to the literature, and the description of two new species." Zookeys, 562 1–48. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.562.7310.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "New abyssal Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, equatorial northeastern Pacific." Marine Biodiversity, 46, (1) 141–150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-015-0340-x.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Zibrowius, Helmut. 2016. "Two new species of Flabellum (Scleractinia: Flabellidae) from the Southwest Indian Ocean." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 129, (1) 157–163. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-129.Q2.157.
Haussermann, V., Forsterra, G., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "New record of the primnoid gorgonian Primnoella delicatissima Kukenthal, 1909 for Chilean waters." Spixiana, 39, (2) 147–148.
Madin, Joshua S., Anderson, Kristen D., Andreasen, Magnus Heide, Bridge, Tom C. L., Cairns, Stephen D., Connolly, Sean R., Darling, Emily S., Diaz, Marcela, Falster, Daniel S., Franklin, Erik C., Gates, Ruth D., Hoogenboom, Mia O., Huang, Danwei, Keith, Sally A., Kosnik, Matthew A., Kuo, Chao-Yang, Lough, Janice M., Lovelock, Catherine E., Luiz, Osmar, Martinelli, Julieta, Mizerek, Toni, Pandolfi, John M., Pochon, Xavier, Pratchett, Morgan S., Putnam, Hollie M. et al. 2016. "The Coral Trait Database, a curated database of trait information for coral species from the global oceans." Scientific Data, 3 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2016.17.
Pérez, Carlos Daniel, Neves, Bárbara, Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., Williams, Gary C., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "Diversity and Distribution of Octocorallia." In The Cnidaria, Past, Present and Future. Goffredo, Stefano and Dubinsky, Zvy, editors. 109–123. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31305-4_8.
Schejter, Laura, Bremec, Claudia S., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2016. "Scleractinian corals recorded in the Argentinean Antarctic expeditions between 2012 and 2014, with comments on Flabellum (Flabellum) areum Cairns, 1982." Polar Research, 35, (1) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3402/polar.v35.29762.
Baron-Szabo, Rosemarie C. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2015. "A new rhizangiid genus from the Miocene of North America (Sclerangia n. gen.; Florida, USA)." Paleontological Contributions, (13) 1–3.
Bayer, Frederick M., Cairns, Stephen D., Cordeiro, Ralf T. S., and Pérez, Carlos D. 2015. "New records of the genus Callogorgia (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) in the western Atlantic, including the description of a new species." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95, (5) 905–911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315414001957.
Breedy, Odalisca, Cairns, Stephen D., and Häussermann, Verena. 2015. "A new alcyonacean octocoral (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) from Chilean fjords." Zootaxa, 3919, (2) 327–334. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.2.5.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2015. "Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata) of the New Caledonian region." Mémoires du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 207 1–362.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Samimi-Namin, Kaveh. 2015. "A new species of Stylaster (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from the Arabian Sea, off Oman." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 128, (4) 209–215. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X-128.4.209.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Wirshing, Herman H. 2015. "Phylogenetic reconstruction of scleraxonian octocorals supports the resurrection of the family Spongiodermidae (Cnidaria, Alcyonacea)." Invertebrate Systematics, 29, (4) 345–368. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS14063.
Morgan, Nicole B., Cairns, Stephen D., Reiswig, Henry, and Baco, Amy R. 2015. "Benthic megafaunal community structure of cobalt-rich manganese crusts on Necker Ridge." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 104 92–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2015.07.003.
Pica, Daniela, Cairns, Stephen D., Puce, Stefania, and Newman, William A. 2015. "Southern hemisphere deep-water stylasterid corals including a new species, Errina labrosa sp. n. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Stylasteridae), with notes on some symbiotic scalpellids (Cirripedia,Thoracica, Scalpellidae)." ZooKeys, 472 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.472.8547.
Bax, N. N. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2014. "Stylasteridae (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa)." In Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. DeBroyer, C.,, Koubbi, P., Griffisths, H. J., and Raymond, B., editors. 107–112. Cambridge: SCAR.
Lindner, A., Cairns, Stephen D., and Zibrowius, Helmut. 2014. "Leptohelia flexibilis gen.nov.et sp.nov., a remarkable deep-sea stylasterid (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from the southwest Pacific." Zootaxa, 3900, (4) 581–591. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3900.4.8.
Qurban, Mohammad A., Krishnakumar, P. K., Joydas, T. V., Manikandan, K. P., Ashraf, T. T. M., Quadri, S. I., Wafar, M., Qasem, Ali, and Cairns, Stephen D. 2014. "In-situ observation of deep water corals in the northern Red Sea waters of Saudi Arabia." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 89 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2014.04.002.
Roberts, J. Murray and Cairns, Stephen D. 2014. "Cold-water corals in a changing ocean." Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 7 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2014.01.004.
Tracey, D., Mackay, E., Cairns, Stephen D., Optesko, D., Alderslade, P., Sanchez, J., and Williams, G. 2014. Coral Identification Guide, 2nd ed. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Polonio, Virginia. 2013. "New records of deep-sea Scleractinia off Argentina and the Falkland Islands." Zootaxa, 3691, (1) 58–86. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.2.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Zibrowius, Helmut. 2013. "Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from South Africa." Zootaxa, 3691, (1) 1–57. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3691.1.1.
Taylor, M. L., Cairns, Stephen D., Agnew, D. J., and Rogers, A. D. 2013. "A revision of the genus Thouarella Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on Plumarella Gray, 1870 and Dasystenella Versluys, 1906." Zootaxa, 3602, (1) 1–105. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3602.1.
Appeltans, Ward, Ahyong, Shane T, Anderson, Gary, Angel, Martin V, Artois, Tom, Bailly, Nicolas, Bamber, Roger, Barber, Anthony, Bartsch, Ilse, Berta, Annalisa, Błażewicz-Paszkowycz, Magdalena, Bock, Phil, Boxshall, Geoff, Boyko, Christopher B, Brandão, Simone Nunes, Bray, Rod A, Bruce, Niel L, Cairns, Stephen D., Chan, Tin-Yam, Cheng, Lanna, Collins, Allen Gilbert, Cribb, Thomas, Curini-Galletti, Marco, Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid, Davie, Peter J F. et al. 2012. "The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity." Current Biology, 22, (23) 2189–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.09.036.
Baco, Amy R. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2012. "Comparing molecular variation to morphological species designations in the deep-sea coral Narella reveals new insights into seamount coral ranges." PLoS ONE, 7, (9) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045555.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2012. "New Zealand Primnoidae (Anthozoa: Alcyonacea). Part 1. Genera Narella, Narelloides, Metanarella, Calyptrophora, and Helicoprimnoa." NIWA Biodiversity Memoirs, 126 1–100.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2012. "New primnoid genus and species (Alcyonacea: Primnoidae) from the southwestern Atlantic." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 125, (2) 180–188. https://doi.org/10.2988/11-35.1.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Kitahara, Marcelo V. 2012. "An illustrated key to the genera and subgenera of the Recent Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), with an attached glossary." ZooKeys, 227 1–47. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.227.3612.
Jameson, Stephen C. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2012. "Neotypes for Porites porites (Pallas, 1766) and Porites divaricata LeSueur, 1820 and remarks on other western Atlantic species of Porites (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 125, (2) 189–207. https://doi.org/10.2988/11-07.1.
Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Stolarski, Jarosław, and Miller, David J. 2012. "Deltocyathiidae, an early-diverging family of Robust corals (Anthozoa, Scleractinia)." Zoologica Scripta, 42, (2) 201–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00575.x.
Kitahara, Marcelo V., Stolarski, J., Cairns, Stephen D., Benzoni, F., Stake, J. L., and Miller, D. J. 2012. "The first modern solitary Agariciidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia) revealed by molecular and microstructural analysis." Invertebrate Systematics, 26, (3) 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS11053.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2011. A Revision of the Primnoidae (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) from the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 634. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.634.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2011. "Global Diversity of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Athecatae)." PLoS ONE, 6, (7) e21670. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021670.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Lindner, Alberto. 2011. "A Revision of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Filifera) from Alaska and adjacent Waters." ZooKeys, 158 1–88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.158.1910.
Janiszewska, K., Stolarski, J., Benzerara, K., Meibom, A., Mazur, M., Kitahara, Marcelo V., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2011. "A unique skeletal microstructure of the deep-sea micrabaciid scleractinian corals." Journal of Morphology, 272 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10906.
Stolarski, Jaroslaw, Kitahara, Marcelo V., Miller, David J., Cairns, Stephen D., Maciej, Mazur, and Meibom, Anders. 2011. "The ancient evolutionary origins of Scleractinia revealed by azooxanthellate corals." BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, (316) 1–10.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2010. "Review of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawai'i and adjacent seamounts. Part 3: Genera Thouarella, Plumarella, Callogorgia, Fanellia, and Parastenella." Pacific Science, 64, (3) 413–440. https://doi.org/10.2984/64.3.413.
Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., and Miller, D. J. 2010. "Monophyletic origin of Caryophyllia (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae), with descriptions of six new species." Systematics and Biodiversity, 81, (1) 91–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772000903571088.
Kitahara, Marcelo V., Cairns, Stephen D., Stolarski, J., Blair, D., and Miller, D. J. 2010. "A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) based on mitochondrial CO1 sequence data." PLOS One, 5, (7) 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011490.
Sammarco, P. W., Porter, S. A., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2010. "A new coral species introduced into the Atlantic Ocean – Tubastraea micranthus (Ehrenberg 1834) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia): an invasive threat?" Aquatic Invasions, 5, (2) 131–140. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2010.5.2.02.
Watson, J., deCook, S., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2010. "Chapter 3: Phylum Cnidaria: Class Hydrozoa." In New Zealand Coastal Marine Invertebrates, Volume 1. deCook, S., editor. 177–228. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. "Review of Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawai’i and adjacent seamounts. Part 2. Genera Paracalyptrophora Kinoshita, 1908; Candidella Bayer, 1954; and Calyptrophora Gray, 1866." Pacific Science, 63, (3) 413–448. https://doi.org/10.2984/049.063.0309.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. "Influence of Frederick (Ted) M. Bayer on deep-water octocoral research." Marine Ecology Progress Series, 397 7–10, 18 supp.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2009. A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.629.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2009. "Chapter 13. Octocorallia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico." In Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Volume 1. Biodiversity.. Felder, Darryl L. and Camp, David K., editors. 321–331. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M Press.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Fautin, D. G. 2009. "Chapter 12. Cnidaria: Introduction." In Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Volume 1. Biodiversity.. Felder, Darryl L. and Camp, David K., editors. 315–319. College Station, Texas.: Texas A&M Press.
Cairns, Stephen D., Gerhswin, Lisa A., Brook, Fred, Pugh, Philip R., Dawson, Elliott W., Ocaña V, Oscar, Vervoort, Will, Williams, Gary, Watson, Jeanette, Opresko, Dennis M., Schuchert, Peter, Hine, P. Michael, Gordon, Dennis P., Campbell, Hamish J., Wright, Athony J., Sanchez, Juana, and Fautin, Daphne G. 2009. "Phylum Cnidaria; Corals, Medusae, Hydroids, Myxozoa." In New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. Gordon, Dennis P., editor. 59–101. Christchurch: Canterbury University Press.
Cairns, Stephen D., Jaap, W. C., and Lang, J. C. 2009. "Chapter 14. Scleractinia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico." In Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Volume 1. Biodiversity.. Felder, Darryl L. and Camp, David K., editors. 333–346. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M Press.
Calder, D. R. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. "Chapter 19. Hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the Gulf of Mexico." In Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Volume 1. Biodiversity.. Felder, Darryl L. and Camp, David K., editors. 381–394. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M Press.
Kitahara, Marcelo V. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. "A revision of the genus Deltocyathus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848 (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae) from New Caledonia, with the description of a new species." Zoosystema, 31, (2) 233–248. https://doi.org/10.5252/z2009n2a2.
Ofwegen, L., Breedy, Odalisca, and Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. "Octocorallia - Octocorals." In Marine Benthic Fauna of Chilean Patagonia. Haussermann, V. and Forsterra, G., editors. 177–214. Santiago, Chile: Nature in Focus.
Reyes, Javier, Santodomingo, Nadia, and Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. "Caryophylliidae (Scleractinia) from the Colombian Caribbean." Zootaxa, 2262 1–39.
Roberts, J. M., Wheeler, A., Freiwald, A., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2009. Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Amaral, F. M. D., Steiner, A. Q., Broadhurst, M. K., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2008. "An overview of the shallow-water calcified hydroids from Brazil (Hydrozoa: Cnidaria), including the description of a new species." Zootaxa, 1930 56–68.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2008. "A review of the Octocorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) from Hawai'i and adjacent seamounts: the genus Narella Gray, 1870." Pacific Science, 62, (1) 85–115.
Gonzalez-Romero, S., Reyes-Bonilla, H., and Cairns, Stephen D. 2008. "Range extensions of three species of the family Caryophylliidae (Scleractinia) in the eastern Pacific Ocean." JMBA2 - Biodiversity Records, 2–2.
Kitahara, Marcelo V. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2008. "New records of the genus Crispatotrochus (Scleractinia: Caryophylliidae) from New Caledonia, with description of a new species." Zootaxa, 1940 59–68.
Lindner, A., Cairns, Stephen D., and Cunningham, C. W. 2008. "From offshore to onshore: multiple origins of shallow-water corals from deep-sea ancestors." Plos One, 3, (6) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002429.
George, R. Y. and Cairns, Stephen D., editors. 2007. Conservation and Adaptive Management of Seamount and Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems. Miami: University of Miami.
George, R. Y. and Cairns, Stephen D., editors. 2007. Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems; Biology and Geology. Miami: University of Miami. In Third International Symposium on Deep Sea Corals.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2007. "Studies on western Atlantic octocorallia (Gorgonacea : Primnoidae). Part 8: New records of Primnoidae from the New England and corner rise seamounts." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120, (3) 243–263. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[243:SOWAOG]2.0.CO.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2007. "Calcaxonian Octocorals (Cnidaria; Anthozoa) from eastern Pacific seamounts." Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 58, (25) 511–541.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2007. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Gorgonacea: Ellisellidae). Part 7: The genera Riisea Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860 and Nicella Gray, 1870." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120, (1) 1–38. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[1:SOWAOG]2.0.CO.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2007. "Deep-water corals: an overview with special reference to diversity and distribution of deep-water scleractinian corals." Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, (3) 311–322.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Baco, A. 2007. "Review and five new Alaskan species of the deep-water octocoral Narella (Octocorallia: Primnoidae)." Systematics and Biodiversity, 5, (4) 391–407. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477200007002472.
Cairns, Stephen D., Bayer, Frederick M., and Fautin, D. G. 2007. "Galatheanthemum profundale (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) in the western Atlantic." Bulletin of Marine Science, 80, (1) 191–200.
Viada, S. T. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2007. "A new species of Nicella (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the western Atlantic." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120, (2) 227–231. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2007)120[227:ANSONA]2.0.CO.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2006. "New records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Hawaiian Islands." Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, 86 45–53.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2006. [Dataset] Station Data to Accompany Publications of S.D. Cairns. [text; .doc] Distributed by Smithsonian Research Online.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2006. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 6. The genera Primnoella Gray, 1858; Thouarella Gray, 1870; Dasystenella Versluys, 1906." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 119, (2) 161–194. https://doi.org/10.2988/0006-324X(2006)119[161:SOWAOC]2.0.CO.
Etnoyer, Peter J., Cairns, Stephen D., Sanchez, Juan Armando, Reed, John K., Lopez, Jose V., Schroeder, William W., Brooke, Sandra D., Watling, Les, Baco-Taylor, Amy R., Williams, Gary C., Lindner, Alberto, France, Scott C., and Bruckner, Andrew W. 2006. Deep-sea coral collection protocols: a synthesis of field experience from deep-sea coral researchers, designed to build our national capacity to document deep-sea coral diversity. Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service. In NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-OPR.
Guinotte, John M., Orr, J., Cairns, Stephen D., Freiwald, A., Morgan, L., and George, R. 2006. "Will human-induced changes in seawater chemistry alter the distribution of deep-sea scleractinian corals?" Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, (3) 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2006)004[0141:WHCISC]2.0.CO.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2005. "Revision of the Hawaiian Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Athecata)." Pacific Science, 59, (3) 439–451.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2005. "A review of the genus Primnoa (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea: Primnoidae), with the description of two new species." Bulletin of Marine Science, 77, (2) 225–256.
Cairns, Stephen D., Haussermann, V., and Forsterra, G. 2005. "A review of the Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of Chile, with the description of two new species." Zootaxa, 1018 15–46.
Kitahara, Marcelo V. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2005. "Monohedotrochus capitolii, a new genus and species of solitary azooxanthellate coral (Scleractinia, Caryophylliidae) from southern Brazil." Zoologische Mededelingen, 79, (3) 117–123.
Bayer, Frederick M. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2004. The Unpublished Plates for A. E. Verrill's Unfinished Report on the Alcyonaria of the "Blake" Expeditions. Department of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2004. "The azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) of Australia." Records of the Australian Museum, 56, (3) 259–329.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2004. "A new shallow-water species of Javania (Scleractinia: Flabellidae) from Indonesia." Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 52, (1) 7–10.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2004. "Narella Gray, 1870 (Coelenterata, Octocorallia): proposed conservation of usage by designation of a neotype for its type species Primnoa regularis Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1860." The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 61, (1) 7–10.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2004. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 5: the genera Plumarella Gray, 1870; Acanthoprimnoa, n. gen.; and Candidella Bayer, 1954." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 117, (4) 447–487.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2004. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 4. The genus Paracalyptrophora Kinoshita, 1908." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 117, (1) 114–139.
Lindner, Alberto, Cairns, Stephen D., and Guzmán, Héctor M. 2004. "Distichopora Robusta Sp. Nov., the First Shallow-Water Stylasterid (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) From the Tropical Eastern Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 84, (6) 943–947.
Sánchez, J. A. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2004. "An unusual new gorgonian coral (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska." Zoologishe Mededelingen, Leiden, 78, (15) 265–274.
Bayer, Frederick M. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2003. "A new genus of the scleraxonian family Coralliidae (Octocorallia: Gorgonacea)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 116, (1) 222–228.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2003. "A new species of Sphenotrochus (Scleractinia: Turbinoliidae) from the Late Miocene (Tortonian) of Chile." Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 345 79–84.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2003. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 3. The genus Narella Gray, 1870." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 116, (3) 617–648.
Amaral, F. D., Broadhurst, M. K., Cairns, Stephen D., and Schlenz, E. 2002. "Skeletal morphometry of Millepora occurring in Brazil, including a previously undescribed species." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115 681–695.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2002. "A new species of Chrysogorgia (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) from the Antarctic." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, (1) 217–222.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Bayer, Frederick M. 2002. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa). Part 2: The genus Callogorgia Gray, 1858." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115, (4) 840–867.
Cairns, Stephen D., Calder, Dale R., Brinckmann Voss, Anita, Castro, Clovis B., Fautin, Daphne G., Pugh, Philip R., Mills, Claudia E., Jaap, Walter C., Arai, Mary N., Haddock, Stephen H. D., and Opresko, Dennis M. 2002. "American Fisheries Society Special Publication. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora, Second Edition." American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 28 i–115.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2001. A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia). In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 615. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.615.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2001. [Book review] "Beautiful reef builders." Science, 292, 1492.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2001. "Studies on western Atlantic Octocorallia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) Part 1: The genus Chrysogorgia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114, (3) 746–787.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2001. "A brief history of taxonomic research on azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)." Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10 191–203.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Chapman, R. E. 2001. "Biogeographic affinities of the North Atlantic deep-water Scleractinia." In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals, Ecology Action Centre and Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 30–57.
Cairns, Stephen D., Hoeksema, B. W., and der Land, J. van. 2001. "Scleractinia." In European Register of Marine Species. A checklist of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Patrimoines naturels 50. 109–110.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Messing, C. G. 2001. "Foreword." Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10 v–vi.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Messing, Charles G. 2001. "Commemorative volume for the 80th birthday of Frederick M. Bayer in 2001." Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, 10 i–364.
Cairns, Stephen D. 2000. "A revision of the shallow-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia of the western Atlantic." Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 75 1–240.
Lattig, P. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2000. "A new species of Tethocyathus (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia: Caryophyllidae), a trans-isthmian azooxanthellate species." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 113, (3) 590–595.
Romano, S. L. and Cairns, Stephen D. 2000. "Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for the evolution of scleractinian corals." Bulletin of Marine Science, 67, (3) 1043–1068.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1999. "Stratigraphic Distribution of Neogene Caribbean Azooxanthellae Corals (Scleractinia and Stylasteridae)." In A Paleobiotic Survey of Caribbean Faunas From the Neogene of the Isthmus of Panama. Collins, Laurel S. and Coates, Anthony G., editors. 109–118. Allen Press. 357 in Bulletins of American Paleontology.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1999. "Species richness of recent Scleractinia." Atoll Research Bulletin, 459 1–46. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.459.1.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1999. "Cnidaria Anthozoa: Deep-water azooxanthellate Scleractinia from Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna Islands." Mémoires du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 180 31–167.
Cairns, Stephen D., Hoeksema, Bert W., and van der Land, Jacob. 1999. "List of extant stony corals." Atoll Research Bulletin, 459 13–46.
Collins, Laurel S., Aguilera, Orangel A., Borne, Pamela F., and Cairns, Stephen D. 1999. "A Paleoenvironmental Analysis of the Neogene of Caribbean Panamá and Costa Rica Using Several Phyla." In A Paleobiotic Survey of Caribbean Faunas From the Neogene of the Isthmus of Panama. Collins, Laurel S. and Coates, Anthony G., editors. 81. Allen Press.
Amaral, F. D., Cairns, Stephen D., and Schlenz, E. 1998. "Scanning electron microscopy of hydrocoral skeletons from Brazil." In 22nd Brazilian Congress on Zoology. 7–8.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1998. "Azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) of Western Australia." Records of the Australian Museum, 18, (4) 361–417.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Hoeksema, B. W. 1998. "Distichopora vervoorti, a new shallow-water stylasterid coral (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Bali, Indonesia." Zoologische Verhandelingen (Leiden), 323 311–318.
Feinstein, N. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1998. "Learning from the collector: A survey of azooxanthellate corals affixed by Xenophora (Gastropoda: Xenophoridae), with an analysis and discussion of attachment patterns." Nautilus, 112, (3) 73–83.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1997. A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Turbinoliidae (Cnidaria: Scleractinia). In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 591. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.591.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Zibrowius, Helmut. 1997. "Cnidaria Anthozoa: azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the Philippine and Indonesian regions." Mémoires du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 172 27–243.
Grygier, Mark J. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1996. "Suspected neoplasms in deep-sea corals (Sclerctinia: Oculinidae: Madrepora spp) reinterpreted as galls caused by Petrarca madreporae n. sp. (Crustacea: Ascothoracida: Petrarcidae)." Diseases of aquatic organisms, 24, (1) 61069.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1995. "New records of azooxanthellate stony corals (Cnidaria: Scleractinia and Stylasteridae) from the Neogene of Panamá and Costa Rica." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 108, (3) 533–550.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1995. "The marine fauna of New Zealand: Scleractinia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)." New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir, 103 139.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1994. Scleractinia of the temperate North Pacific. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 557. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.557.i.
Keller, N. B. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1994. "Azooxanthellate Scleractinia from the tropical southwest Indian Ocean." Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Akademii Nauk SSSR, 129 65–84.
Oliver, W. A. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1994. "Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera." International Association for the Study of Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera, 23, (1) 1–12.
Oliver, William A., Jr. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1994. "John West Wells. 1907-1994." Fossil Cnidaria and Porifera, 23, (1) 1–12.
Opresko, Dennis M. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1994. "Description of the new genus Allopathes (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) and its type species Cirripathes desbonni." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 107, (1) 185–192.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1993. "Biology of the Antarctic Seas 22." Antarctic Research Series, 58 i–150.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Grant-Mackie, J. A. 1993. "Review of the fossil Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the New Zealand region." New Zealand Journal Geology and Geophyiscis, 36 1–8.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Keller, N. B. 1993. "New taxa and distributional records of azooxanthellate Scleractinia (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the tropical south-west Indian Ocean, with comments on their zoogeography and ecology." Annals of the South African Museum, 103, (5) 213–292.
Cairns, Stephen D., Opresko, Dennis M., Hopkins, T. S., and Schroeder, W. W. 1993. "New records of Deep-Water Cnidaria (Scleractinia & Antipatharia) from the Gulf of Mexico." Northeast Gulf Science, 13, (1) 1–11.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1992. "Worldwide distribution of the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." Scientia Marina, 56, (2-3) 125–130.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Macintyre, Ian G. 1992. "Phylogenetic implications of calcium carbonate mineralogy in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." Palaios, 7 96–107.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Parker, S. A. 1992. "Review of the Recent Scleractinia (stony corals) of South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania." Records of the South Australian Museum Monograph Series, 3 1–82.
Opresko, Dennis M. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1992. "New species of black coral (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) from the northern Gulf of Mexico." Northeast Gulf Science, 12, (2) 93–97.
Zibrowius, H. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1992. "Revision of the northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa)." Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, Séries A – Zoologie, 153 1–136.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1991. "Cyclohelia lamellata, new genus and species of Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Bering Sea." Pacific Science, 45, (4) 383–388.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1991. "A generic revision of the Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) Part 3 Keys to the genera." Bulletin of Marine Science, 49, (1-2) 538–545.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1991. "New records of Stylasteridae (Hydrozoa: Hydroida) from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 104, (2) 209–228.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1991. Catalog of the type specimens of stony corals (Milleporidae, Stylasteridae, Scleractinia) in the National Museum, Smithsonian Institution. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 514. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.514.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1991. A revision of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Galapagos and Cocos Islands. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 504. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.504.
Cairns, Stephen D., Calder, Dale R., Brinckman Voss, Anita, Castro, Clovis B., Pugh, Philip R., Cutress, Charles E., Jaap, Walter C., Fautin, Daphne G., Larson, Ronald J., Harbison, G. Richard, Arai, Mary N., and Opresko, Dennis M. 1991. "Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Cnidaria and Ctenophora." American Fisheries Society Special Publication, 22 1–75.
Cairns, Stephen D. and New Zealand Oceanographic Institute. 1991. The marine fauna of New Zealand : Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydroida). [Wellington]: New Zealand Dept. of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Macintyre, Ian G., Rützler, Klaus, Norris, James N., Smith, K. P., Cairns, Stephen D., Bucher, K. E., and Steneck, Robert S. 1991. "An early holocene reef in the Western Atlantic: submersible invesigations of a deep relict reef off the west coast of Barbados, W. I." Coral Reefs, 10 167–174.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1990. Antarctic Scleractinia: keys and notes for the identification of the species. Koeltz Scientific Books. In Synopses of the Antarctic Benthos, Theses Zoologicae; 12.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1990. "Ordung Scleractinia." Fauna der Antarktis, 26–29.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1989. "Discriminant analysis of Indo-West Pacific Flabellum." Memoir Association of Australian Paleontologists, (Fifth International Symposium on Fossil Cnidaria, Brisbane), 8 61–68.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1989. A revision of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Philippine Islands and adjacent Waters, Part 1: Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae, Guyniidae, and Flabellidae. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 486. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.486.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1988. "Cryptotrochus, new genus and two new species of deep-water corals (Scleractinia: Turbinoliinae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, (4) 709–716.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1988. "Asexual reproduction in solitary Scleractinia." Proceedings Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium, Townsville, 2 641–646.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1988. "New records of Stylasteridae (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from western Australia, including the description of two new species." Records of the Western Australia Museum, 14, (1) 105–119.
Peters, E. C., Cairns, Stephen D., Pilson, M. E. Q., Wells, J. W., Jaap, W. C., Lang, J. C., Vasleski, C. E., and St Pierre Gollahon, L. 1988. "Nomenclature and biology of Astrangia poculata (=A. danae, =A. astreiformis) (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 101, (2) 234–250.
Stanley, G. D. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1988. "Constructional azooxanthellate coral communities: an overview with implications for the fossil record." Palaios, 5, (3) 233–242.
Stanley, George D. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1988. "Constructional Azooxanthellate Coral Communities: An Overview with Implications for the Fossil Record." Palaios, 3, (2) 233–242.
Viada, S. T. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1988. "Range Extensions of Ahermatypic Scleractinia in the Gulf of Mexico." Northeast Gulf Science, 9, (2) 131–134.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1987. "Evolutionary trends in the Stylasteridae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa)." In Modern Trends in the Systematics, Ecology, and Evolution of Hydroids and Hydromedudae. Bouillon, J., editor. 257–274. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1987. "Conopora adeta, new species (Hydrozoa: Stylasteridae) from Australia, the first known unattached stylasterid." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 100, (1) 141–146.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Wells, J. W. 1987. "Neogene paleontology in the northern Dominican Republic. 5. The suborders Caryophyllina and Dendrophyllina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)." Bulletins of American Paleontology, 93 23–43.
Viada, S. T. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1987. "Range extensions of ahermatypic Scleractinia in the Gulf of Mexico." Northeast Gulf Science, 9, (2) 131–134.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1986. A revision of the Northwest Atlantic Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 418. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.418.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1986. Stylasteridae (Hydrozoa: Hydroida) of the Galapagos Islands. In Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 426. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.426.
Cairns, Stephen D., den Hartog, J. C., Arenson, C., and Rützler, Klaus. 1986. "Scleractinia." In Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda. Sterrer, W., editor. 159. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Cairns, Stephen D., den Hartog, J. C., and Arneson, C. 1986. "Anthozoa." In Marine fauna and flora of Bermuda. 159–194.
Cairns, Stephen D., den Hartog, J. C., and Arneson, C. 1986. "Class Anthozoa." In Marine Fauna and Flora of Bermuda. Sterrer, W., editor. 159–194. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1985. "Three new species of Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, (3) 728–739.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1984. "A generic revision of the Stylasteridae (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part 2. Phylogenetic analysis." Bulletin of Marine Science, 35, (1) 38–53.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1984. "New records of ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) from the Hawaiian and Line Islands." Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, 25, (10) 1–30.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1984. "Fossil and Recent reef communities: Introduction." Fourth International Symposium Fossil Cnidaria, Palaeontographica Americana, 54 383–384.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1984. "An application of phylogenetic analysis to the Scleractinia: Family Fungiidae." Fourth International Symposium Fossil Cnidaria, Palaeontographica Americana, 54 49–57.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Barnard, J. L. 1984. "Redescription of Janaria mirabilis, a calcified hydroid from the eastern Pacific." Southern California Academy of Science, 83, (3) 1–11.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1983. "Observations on species of the fossil genus Axopora (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) and its evolutionary significance to the Stylasteridae." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 96, (4) 758–769.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1983. "A generic revision of the Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa). Part l. Description of the genera." Bulletin of Marine Science, 33, (2) 427–508.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1983. "Biology of the Antarctic seas 13. Antarctic and subantarctic Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa)." Antarctic Research Series, 38 61–164.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1983. "Antarctic and Subantarctic Stylasterina (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa)." Antarctic Research Series, 38 61–164.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1983. "Pseudocrypthelia, a new genus of stylasterine coral (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) from the Indonesian region." Beaufortia, 33, (3) 29–35.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1982. [Book review] "A field guide to the coral reefs of the Caribbean and Florida." Current, 4, (2), 21.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1982. "Stony corals (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Scleractinia) of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." In The Atlantic Barrier Reef Ecosystem at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize 1: Structure and Communities. 271–302. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. In Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 12. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.01960768.12.272.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1982. "A new subfamily of operculate stylasterine (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa) from the Subantarctic." Journal of Natural History, 16, (1) 71–81.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1982. "Biology of the Antarctic seas 2. Antarctic and subantarctic Scleractinia." Antarctic Research Series, 34 1–74.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1982. "Antarctic and Subantarctic Scleractinia." Antarctic Research Series, 34 1–74.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Stanley, G. D. 1982. "Ahermatypic coral banks: living and fossil counterparts." Proceedings Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium, 2 611–618.
Zibrowius, H. and Cairns, Stephen D. 1982. "Remarks on the stylasterine fauna of the West Indies, with the description of Stylaster antillarum, a new species from the Lesser Antilles (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Stylasterina)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 95, (1) 210–221.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1981. "Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States Scleractinia." NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular, 438 14.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1979. "The deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean Sea and adjacent waters." Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 57, (180) 341.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1978. "New genus and species of ahermatypic coral (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) from the western Atlantic." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91, (1) 216–221.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1978. "A checklist of the ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Gulf of Mexico, with the description of a new species." Gulf Research Reports, 6, (1) 9–15.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1978. "The Deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean and Adjacent Waters." Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands, 57, (180) 341.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1978. "Distichopora (Haplomerismos) anceps, a new stylasterine coral (Coelenterata: Stylasterina) from deep water off the Hawaiian Islands." Micronesica, 14, (1) 83–87.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1978. "Types and figured specimens of Stylasterina and Scleractinia at the NMNH, Smithsonian. Part l. Recent and Cenozoic." Fossil Cnidaria, 7, (2) 9–14.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "Guide to the commoner shallow-water gorgonians of South Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean region." University of Miami Sea Grant Field Guide Series, 6 74.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "Biological results of the University of Miami Deep Sea Expeditions. ]21. A review of the recent species of Balanophyllia (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of four new species." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90, (1) 132–148,illust.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "Stony corals. 1. Caryophylliina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)." Memoirs Hourglass Cruises, 3, (4) 1–27,illust.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "Caryophylliina and Dendrophylliina (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)." Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises, 3, (4) 27.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "A review of the Recent species of Balanophyllia (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of four new species." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 90, (1) 132–148.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "A revision of the Recent species of Stephanocyathus (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) in the western Atlantic, with descriptions of two new species." Bulletin of Marine Science, 27, (4) 729–739.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "Review of the deep-water ahermatypic corals (Scleractinia) of the tropical western Atlantic." Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, (7) 3292.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1977. "Deep-water corals." Sea Frontiers, 23, (2) 84–89.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1976. "Cephalopods of the Straits of Florida." Bulletin of Marine Science, 26, (2) 233–272.
Cairns, Stephen D. 1976. "Biological results of the University of Miami deep-sea expeditions. 118. Cephalopods collected in the Straits of Florida by the R/V Gerda." Bulletin of Marine Science, 26, (2) 233–272.
Cairns, Stephen D. and Olmsted, C. A. 1973. "Effects of Holothurin on Sarcoma-l80 and B-l6 Melanoma tumors in mice." Gulf Research Reports, 4, (2) 205–213.

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