Elizabeth Cottrell

• B.S., Brown University
• Ph.D., Columbia University

experimental petrology; geochemistry; spectroscopy; volcanology | mid-ocean ridge and arc basalts and peridotites | volatile elements | core formation

Journal Article

• Andrys, Janine L., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Kelley, Katherine A., Waters, Laura E., and Coombs, Michelle L. 2024. "Insights on Arc Magmatic Systems Drawn from Natural Melt Inclusions and Crystallization Experiments at PH2O =800 MPa under Oxidizing Conditions." Journal of Petrology, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egae117.
• Birner, Suzanne K., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Davis, Fred A., and Warren, Jessica M. 2024. "Deep, hot, ancient melting recorded by ultralow oxygen fugacity in peridotites." Nature, 631, (8022) 801–807. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07603-w.
• Holycross, Megan, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Ague, Jay, Lanzirotti, Antonio, and Newville, Matthew. 2024. "Fe Kα XANES, Fe Kβ HERFD XANES and EPMA flank method determinations of the oxidation state of Fe in garnet." Chemical Geology, 647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2024.121937.
• Zhang, Hongluo L., Hirschmann, Marc M., Lord, Oliver T., Rosenthal, Anja, Yaroslavtsev, Sergey, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Chumakov, Alexandr I., and Walter, Michael J. 2024. "Ferric iron stabilization at deep magma ocean conditions." Science Advances, 10, (42). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adp1752.
• Holycross, Megan and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2023. "Garnet crystallization does not drive oxidation at arcs." Science, 380, (6644) 506–509. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.ade3418.
• Jackson, Colin R. M. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2023. "Nitrogen partitioning between silicate phases and aqueous fluid depends on concentration." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 354 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.05.017.
• Lopez, Taryn, Fischer, Tobias P., Plank, Terry, Malinverno, Alberto, Rizzo, Andrea L., Rasmussen, Daniel J., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Werner, Cynthia, Kern, Christoph, Bergfeld, Deborah, Ilanko, Tehnuka, Andrys, Janine L., and Kelley, Katherine A. 2023. "Tracking carbon from subduction to outgassing along the Aleutian-Alaska Volcanic Arc." Science Advances, 9, (26). https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adf3024.
• Muth, Michelle J. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2023. "No detectable redox exchange between sulfur and iron during rapid cooling of basalts." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118210.
• Holycross, Megan and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2022. "Experimental quantification of vanadium partitioning between eclogitic minerals (garnet, clinopyroxene, rutile) and silicate melt as a function of temperature and oxygen fugacity." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 177, (2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01888-8.
• Ague, Jay J., Tassara, Santiago, Holycross, Megan E., Ji-Lei Li, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Schwarzenbach, Esther M., Fassoulas, Charalampos, and John, Timm. 2022. "Slab-derived devolatilization fluids oxidized by subducted metasedimentary rocks." Nature Geoscience, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00904-7.
• Davis, Fred A. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2022. "Partitioning of Fe2O3 in peridotite partial melting experiments over a range of oxygen fugacities elucidates ferric iron systematics in mid-ocean ridge basalts and ferric iron content of the upper mantle (vol 176, 67, 2021)." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 177, (7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01933-6.
• Pistone, Mattia, Formo, Eric, Whittington, Alan G., Herbst, Thomas, and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2022. "Direct nanoscale observations of degassing-induced crystallisation in felsic magmas." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 177, (3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01900-1.
• Davis, Fred A. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2021. "Partitioning of Fe2O3 in peridotite partial melting experiments over a range of oxygen fugacities elucidates ferric iron systematics in mid-ocean ridge basalts and ferric iron content of the upper mantle." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 176, (9) 67–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01823-3.
• Jackson, Colin R. M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Andrews, Ben. 2021. "Warm and oxidizing slabs limit ingassing efficiency of nitrogen to the mantle." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 553 116615–116615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116615.
• Waters, L. E., Coombs, M. L., Kelley, K. A., and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2021. "Generation of Calc-Alkaline Magmas during Crystallization at High Oxygen Fugacity: An Experimental and Petrologic Study of Tephras from Buldir Volcano, Western Aleutian Arc, Alaska, USA." Journal of Petrology, 62, (3). https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egaa104.
• Birner, Suzanne K., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Warren, Jessica M., Kelley, Katherine A., and Davis, Fred A. 2021. "Melt addition to mid-ocean ridge peridotites increases spinel Cr# with no significant effect on recorded oxygen fugacity." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116951.
• Rose-Koga, E. F., Bouvier, A. -S, Gaetani, G. A., Wallace, P. J., Allison, C. M., Andrys, J. A., Angeles de la Torre, C. A., Barth, A., Bodnar, R. J., Gartner, A. J. J. Bracco, Butters, D., Castillejo, A., Chilson-Parks, B., Choudhary, B. R., Cluzel, N., Cole, M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Daly, A., Danyushevsky, L. V., DeVitre, C. L., Drignon, M. J., France, L., Gaborieau, M., Garcia, M. O., Gatti, E. et al. 2021. "Silicate melt inclusions in the new millennium: A review of recommended practices for preparation, analysis, and data presentation." Chemical Geology, 570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120145.
• Rudra, Avishek, Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Hirschmann, Marc M. 2021. "Experimental determination of ferric iron partitioning between pyroxene and melt at 100 kPa." Chemical Geology, 584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120532.
• Fischer, Rebecca A., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Hauri, Erik, Lee, Kanani K. M., and Le Voyer, Marion. 2020. "The carbon content of Earth and its core." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 117, (16) 8743–8749. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1919930117.
• Holycross, Megan and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2020. "Partitioning of V and 19 other trace elements between rutile and silicate melt as a function of oxygen fugacity and melt composition: Implications for subduction zones." American Mineralogist, 105, (2) 244–254. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7013.
• McCammon, Catherine, Bureau, Helene, Cleaves,H. James, II, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Dorfman, Susannah M., Kellogg, Louise H., Li, Jie, Mikhail, Sami, Moussallam, Yves, Sanloup, Chrystele, Thomson, Andrew R., and Brovarone, Alberto Vitale. 2020. "Deep Earth carbon reactions through time and space." American Mineralogist, 105, (1) 22–27. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-6888CCBY.
• Brounce, Maryjo, Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Kelley, Katherine A. 2019. "The redox budget of the Mariana subduction zone." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 528 115859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115859.
• Le Voyer, Marion, Hauri, Erik H., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Kelley, Katherine A., Salters, Vincent J. M., Langmuir, Charles H., Hilton, David R., Barry, Peter H., and Fueri, Evelyn. 2019. "Carbon Fluxes and Primary Magma CO₂ Contents Along the Global Mid-Ocean Ridge System." Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 20, (3) 1387–1424. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GC007630.
• Birner, Suzanne K., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Kelley, Katherine A., and Davis, Fred A. 2018. "Peridotites and basalts reveal broad congruence between two independent records of mantle f(O2) despite local redox heterogeneity." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 494 172–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.04.035.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Lanzirotti, Antonio, Mysen, Bjorn, Birner, Suzanne, Kelley, Katherine A., Botcharnikov, Roman, Davis, Fred A., and Newville, Matthew. 2018. "A Mössbauer-based XANES calibration for hydrous basalt glasses reveals radiation-induced oxidation of Fe." American Mineralogist, 103, (4) 489–501. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6268.
• Davis, Fred A. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2018. "Experimental investigation of basalt and peridotite oxybarometers: Implications for spinel thermodynamic models and Fe3 compatibility during generation of upper mantle melts." American Mineralogist, 103, (7) 1056–1067. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2018-6280.
• Jackson, Colin R. M., Bennett, Neil R., Du, Zhixue, Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Fei, Yingwei. 2018. "Early episodes of high-pressure core formation preserved in plume mantle." Nature, 553, (7689) 491–+. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25446.
• Zhang, Hongluo L., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Solheid, Peat A., Kelley, Katherine A., and Hirschmann, Marc M. 2018. "Determination of Fe³ + /?Fe of XANES basaltic glass standards by Mössbauer spectroscopy and its application to the oxidation state of iron in MORB." Chemical Geology, 479 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.01.006.
• Birner, Suzanne K., Warren, Jessica M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Davis, Fred A., Kelley, Katherine A., and Falloon, Trevor J. 2017. "Forearc Peridotites from Tonga Record Heterogeneous Oxidation of the Mantle following Subduction Initiation." Journal of Petrology, 58, (9) 1755–1779. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egx072.
• Davis, Fred A., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Birner, Suzanne K., Warren, Jessica M., and Lopez, Oscar G. 2017. "Revisiting the electron microprobe method of spinel-olivine-orthopyroxene oxybarometry applied to spinel peridotites." American Mineralogist, 102, (1-2) 421–435. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5823.
• Grocke, Stephanie B., de Silva, Shanka L., Wallace, Paul J., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Schmitt, Axel K. 2017. "Catastrophic Caldera-Forming (CCF) Monotonous Silicic Magma Reservoirs: Constraints from Volatiles in Melt Inclusions from the 3.49 Ma Tara Supereruption, Guacha II Caldera, SW Bolivia." Journal of Petrology, 58, (11) 2115–2142. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy003.
• Helz, R. T., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Brounce, M. N., and Kelley, K. A. 2017. "Olivine-melt relationships and syneruptive redox variations in the 1959 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano as revealed by XANES." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 333/334 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.12.006.
• Le Voyer, M., Kelley, K. A., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Hauri, E. H. 2017. "Heterogeneity in mantle carbon content from CO₂-undersaturated basalts." Nature Communications, 8 14062. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14062.
• Pistone, Mattia, Whittington, Alan G., Andrews, Benjamin, and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2017. "Crystal-rich lava dome extrusion during vesiculation: An experimental study." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 347 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.06.018.
• Zhang, H. L., Hirschmann, M. M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Withers, A. C. 2017. "Effect of pressure on Fe3+/ΣFe ratio in a mafic magma and consequences for magma ocean redox gradients." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 204 83–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.023.
• Birner, Suzanne K., Warren, Jessica M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Davis, Fred A. 2016. "Hydrothermal alteration of seafloor peridotites does not influence oxygen fugacity recorded by spinel oxybarometry." Geology, 44, (7) 535–538. https://doi.org/10.1130/G38113.1.
• Brounce, Maryjo, Kelley, Katherine A., Stern, Robert, Martinez, Fernando, and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2016. "The Fina Nagu volcanic complex: Unusual submarine arc volcanism in the rapidly deforming southern Mariana margin." Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 17, (10) 4078–4091. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GC006457.
• Grocke, Stephanie B., Cottrell, Elizabeth, de Silva, Shanaka, and Kelley, Katherine A. 2016. "The role of crustal and eruptive processes versus source variations in controlling the oxidation state of iron in Central Andean magmas." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 440 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.01.026.
• Ruth, Dawn C. S., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Cortés, Joaquín A., Kelley, Katherine A., and Calder, Eliza S. 2016. "From Passive Degassing to Violent Strombolian Eruption: the Case of the 2008 Eruption of Llaima Volcano, Chile." Journal of Petrology, 57, (9) 1833–1864. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egw063.
• Zellmer, Georg F., Pistone, Mattia, Iizuka, Yoshiyuki, Andrews, Benjamin J., Gomez-Tuena, Arturo, Straub, Susanne M., and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2016. "Petrogenesis of antecryst-bearing arc basalts from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: Insights into along-arc variations in magma-mush ponding depths, H2O contents, and surface heat flux." American Mineralogist, 101, (11) 2405–2422. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2016-5701.
• Zhang, H. L., Hirschmann, M. M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Newville, M., and Lanzirotti, A. 2016. "Structural environment of iron and accurate determination of Fe^{3 +}/SFe ratios in andesitic glasses by XANES and Mössbauer spectroscopy." Chemical Geology, 428 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.02.022.
• Brounce, Maryjo, Kelley, Katherine A., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Reagan, Mark K. 2015. "Temporal evolution of mantle wedge oxygen fugacity during subduction initiation." Geology, 43, (9) 775–778. https://doi.org/10.1130/G36742.1.
• Le Voyer, Marion, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Kelley, Katherine A., Brounce, Maryjo, and Hauri, Erik H. 2015. "The effect of primary versus secondary processes on the volatile content of MORB glasses: An example from the equatorial Mid-Atlantic Ridge (5°N-3°S)." Journal of Geophysical Research. B. Solid Earth, 120, (1) 125–144. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011160.
• McCormick, Brendan, Popp, Christoph, Andrews, Benjamin J., and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2015. "Ten years of satellite observations reveal highly variable sulphur dioxide emissions at Anatahan Volcano, Mariana Islands." Journal of Geophysical Research. D. Atmospheres, 120, (14) 7258–7282. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022856.
• Brounce, M. N., Kelley, K. A., and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2014. "Variations in Fe³⁺/?Fe of Mariana Arc Basalts and Mantle Wedge fO₂." Journal of Petrology, 55, (12) 2513–2536. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egu065.
• Grocholski, Brent, Shim, Sang-Heon, Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Prakapenka, Vitali B. 2014. "Crystal structure and compressibility of lead dioxide up to 140 GPa." American Mineralogist, 99, (1) 170–177. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2014.4596.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth and Kelley, K. A. 2013. "Redox Heterogeneity in Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts as a Function of Mantle Source." Science, 340, (6138) 1314–1317. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1233299.
• de Moor, J. M., Fischer, T. P., Sharp, Z. D., King, P. l., Wilke, M., Botcharnikov, R. E., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Zelenski, M., Marty, B., Klimm, K., Rivard, C., Ayalew, D., Ramirez, C., and Kelley, K. A. 2013. "Sulfur degassing at Erta Ale (Ethiopia) and Masaya (Nicaragua) volcanoes: Implications for the degassing processes and oxygen fugacities of basaltic systems." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 14, (10) 4076–4108. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20255.
• Seagle, Christopher T., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Fei, Yingwei, Hummer, Daniel R., and Prakapenka, Vitali B. 2013. "Electrical and thermal transport properties of iron and iron-silicon alloy at high pressure." Geophysical Research Letters, 40, (20) 5377–5381. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL057930.
• Walter, Michael J. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2013. "Assessing uncertainty in geochemical models for core formation in Earth." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 365 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.014.
• Kelley, Katherine A. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2012. "The influence of magmatic differentiation on the oxidation state of Fe in a basaltic arc magma." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 329-330 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.02.010.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth and Kelley, Katherine A. 2011. "The oxidation state of Fe in MORB glasses and the oxygen fugacity of the upper mantle." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 305, (3-4) 270–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.014.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Walter, Michael J., and Walker, David. 2010. "Erratum to "Metal-silicate partitioning of tungsten at high pressure and temperature: Implications for equilibrium core formation in Earth" [Earth and Planetary Science Letters 281 (2009) 275-287]." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 289, (3-4) 631–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.11.040.
• Castro, Jonathan M., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Tuffen, Hugh, Logan, M. Amelia V., and Kelley, Katherine A. 2009. "Spherulite crystallization induces Fe-redox redistribution in silicic melt." Chemical Geology, 268, (3-4) 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.006.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Kelley, Katherine A., Lanzirotti, Antonio, and Fischer, Rebecca A. 2009. "High-precision determination of iron oxidation state in silicate glasses using XANES." Chemical Geology, 268, (3-4) 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.08.008.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Walter, Michael J., and Walker, David. 2009. "Metal-silicate partitioning of tungsten at high pressure and temperature: Implications for equilibrium core formation in Earth." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 281, (3-4) 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2009.02.024.
• Kelley, Katherine A. and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2009. "Water and the Oxidation State of Subduction Zone Magmas." Science, 325, (5940) 605–607. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1174156.
• Ricolleau, Angele, Fei, Yingwei, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Watson, Heather, Deng, Liwei, Zhang, Li, Fiquet, Guillaume, Auzende, Anne-Line, Roskosz, Mathieu, Morard, Guillaume, and Prakapenka, Vitali B. 2009. "Density profile of pyrolite under the lower mantle conditions." Geophysical Research Letters, 36 L06302–L06302. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL036759.
• Chabot, N. L., Campbell, A. J., McDonough, W. F., Draper, D. S., Agee, C. B., Humayun, M., Watson, H. C., Cottrell, Elizabeth, and Saslow, S. A. 2008. "The Fe-C system at 5 GPa and implications for Earth's core." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, (16) 4146–4158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.06.006.
• Jaupart, Claude, Molnar, Peter, and Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2007. "Instability of a chemically dense layer heated from below and overlain by a deep less viscous fluid." Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 572 433. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112006003521.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth and Walker, D. 2006. "Constraints on core formation from Pt partitioning in mafic silicate liquids at high temperatures." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, (6) 1565–1580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2005.11.021.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Jaupart, Claude, and Molnar, Peter. 2004. "Marginal stability of thick continental lithosphere." Geophysical Research Letters, 31, (18). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020332.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Spiegelman, M., and Langmuir, C. H. 2002. "Consequences of diffusive reequilibration for the interpretation of melt inclusions." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3, (4) 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GC000205.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Gardner, James E., and Rutherford, Malcolm J. 1999. "Petrologic and experimental evidence for the movement and heating of the pre-eruptive Minoan rhyodacite (Santorini, Greece)." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 135, (4) 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100050514.

Poster

• Cottrell, Elizabeth, Lascu, Ioan, Andrys, Janine, Ackerson, Michael, Corrigan, Catherine, Farfan, Gabriela, Guice, George, Miller, Matthew, Cole, Selena, Pobiner, Briana, Rasmussen, Daniel, Troch, Juliana, and Tucker, Jonathan. 2022. [Poster] Unlearning racism in a federal setting. American Geophysical Union 2021 Fall Meeting, https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10510401.2.

Book Chapter

• Brown, S. K., Loughlin, S. C., Sparks, R. S. J., Vye-Brown, C., Barclay, J., Calder, E., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Jolly, G., Komorowski, J-C, Mandeville, C., Newhall, C., and P. 2015. "Global volcanic hazard and risk." In Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk. Loughlin, S. C., Sparks, S., Brown, S. K., Jenkins, S. F., and Vye-Brown, C., editors. 81–172. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316276273.004.
• Cottrell, Elizabeth. 2015. "Global Distribution of Active Volcanoes." In Volcanic Hazards, Risks and Disasters. Shroder, John F. and Papale, Paolo, editors. 1–16. Boston, Massachusetts: Elsevier. In Hazards and Disasters Series. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396453-3.00001-0.
• Loughlin , S. C., Vye-Brown, C., Sparks, R. S. J., Brown, S. K., Barclay, J., Calder, E., Cottrell, Elizabeth, Jolly, G., Komorowski, J. -C, Mandeville, C., Newhall, C., and P. 2015. "An introduction to global volcanic hazard and risk." In Global Volcanic Hazards and Risk. Loughlin, S. C., Sparks, S., Brown, S. K., Jenkins, S. F., and Vye-Brown, C., editors. 1–80. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316276273.003.
• Siebert, Lee, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Venzke, Edward A., and Andrews, Benjamin J. 2015. "Earth's Volcanoes and Their Eruptions: An Overview." In The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. 2nd ed. Sigurdsson, Haraldur, editor. 239–255. Amsterdam: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00012-2.
• Siebert, Lee, Cottrell, Elizabeth, Venzke, Edward A., and Edwards, Benjamin. 2015. "Catalog of Earth's Documented Holocene Eruptions." In The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (Second Edition). Sigurdsson, Haraldur, editor. 1367–1400. Amsterdam: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.15002-3.