Lianas - Keys | Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History

Key based on climbing mechanisms

PLANTS WITH TENDRILS OF FOLIAR ORIGIN

1. Tendrils derived from the apical or basal portion of leaf

2. Tendrils representing an extension of the midvein; inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc

flowers --Asteraceae (Mutisia)

2. Tendrils arising from the petiole or leaf sheath; inflorescence a cyme --Smilacaceae

1. Tendrils entirely substituting one or more leaflets

3. Tendril substituting the distal leaflet; leaves trifoliolate and opposite; stem’s cross sections with 4 or

multiple of 4 phloem wedges --Bignoniaceae

3. Tendril substituting two or more distal leaflets or pinna; leaves pinnately compound, alternate;

stem’s cross section without phloem wedges

4. Leaves bipinnate; tendrils representing two opposite, distal pinna --Fabaceae (Entada)

4. Leaves once pinnate; tendrils representing several, alternate, distal leaflets

5. Plant herbaceous, stipules present; corolla with standard, keel and wing petals --Fabaceae (Vicia)

5. Plants woody or semi-woody; stipules absent; corolla sympetalous

6. Inflorescence a raceme; all flowers similar; fruit a capsule --Polemoniaceae (Cobaea)

6. Inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc flowers; fruit an achene Asteraceae (Mutisia)

PLANTS WITH TENDRILS OF SHOOT ORIGIN

1. Tendril and inflorescences opposite to the leaves --Vitaceae

1. Tendrils axillary, lateral to a leaf, or part of the inflorescence; inflorescence axillary or distal

2. Tendrils developed from a portion of the inflorescence

3. Tendrils distal on inflorescence branches --Polygonaceae (Antigonon)

3. Tendrils basal to the inflorescence

4. Tendrils in pairs --Sapindaceae

4. Tendrils solitary

5. Stems straight, cylindrical with a round medulla; leaves simple, with serrate margins;

fruit a septicidal, trigonous capsule --Rhamnaceae (Reissekia)

5. Stems often sinuate, asymmetrical (lobed, quadrangular, flattened), with a cross-shaped medulla;

leaves with several arcuate secondary veins arising from the base, blade often bifoliolate to deeply

retuse at the apex; fruit a legume --Fabaceae (Schnella)

2. Tendrils not developing from the inflorescence

6. Tendrils axillary-lateral (usually at 90° angle with petiole), mostly branched --Cucurbitaceae

6. Tendrils axillary, unbranched

7. Tendrils helicoidal; petioles usually with nectary glands; stems usually with phloem wedges

--Passifloraceae

7. Tendril circinate (at least in young stages)

8. Tendrils in pairs at end of short axis --Sapindaceae

8. Tendrils solitary

9. Leaves opposite; xylem with included islands of phloem -- Loganiaceae

9. Leaves alternate; xylem lacking islands of included phloem

10. Stems straight, cylindrical with a round medulla; leaves simple, with serrate margins;

fruit a septicidal, trigonous capsule --Rhamnaceae (Gouania)

10. Stems often sinuate, asymmetrical (lobed, quadrangular, flattened), with a cross-shaped medulla;

leaves with several arcuate secondary veins arising from the base, blade often bifoliolate

to deeply retuse at the apex; fruit a legume --Fabaceae (Schnella)

PLANTS WITH PREHENSILE BRANCHES

1. Leaves with numerous, secondary and tertiary parallel veins; calyx and corolla fused into tubular perianth;

drupes covered by an accrescent calyx --Thymelaeaceae

1. Leaves with reticulate or scalariform tertiary venation; calyx and corolla not fused, petals free; fruits

without an accrescent calyx

2. Leaves and prehensile branches opposite, precociously developing before the leaves --Celastraceae

2. Leaves and prehensile branches alternate, usually developing simultaneously with the leaves

3. Leaves simple

4. Flower zygomorphic; inner sepals petaloid; fruit syncarpous or a samara --Polygalaceae

4. Corolla actinomorphic, petals all equal; fruits apocarpous --Menispermaceae

3. Leaves compound

5. Stipule absent; flowers actinomorphic produced in racemes; fruit a single or several follicles --Connaraceae

5. Stipules present; flowers zygomorphic or if actinomorphic, produced in capitula; fruit a legume --Fabaceae

PLANTS WITH PREHENSILE LEAVES

1. Inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc flowers --Asteraceae (Hidalgoa)

1. Inflorescence cymose with all flowers similar, or flowers solitary

2. Leaves simple, alternate; flowers solitary

3. Leaves peltate; calyx with a long spur --Tropaeolaceae

3. Leaves not peltate; calyx not bearing a spur --Plantaginaceae (Lophospermum)

2. Leaves compound, opposite; flowers produced in cymes

4. Corolla wanting; stamens numerous; gynoecium of several free carpels; bark shaggy peeling off in

fibrous strands --Ranunculaceae

4. Corolla sympetalous; stamens 4; gynoecium syncarpous; bark smooth to rough but not peeling off in

fibrous strands

5. Plant herbaceous (stems 3-8 mm diam.); flowers minute (2-5 mm long); ovary inferior

--Caprifoliaceae (Valeriana)

5. Plant woody (stems 1-3 cm diam.); flower large (> 3 cm long); ovary superior

--Bignoniaceae (Perianthomega)

PLANTS CLIMBING BY MEANS OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS

1. Plant a pteridophyte

2. Fronds monomorphic (fertile and sterile fronds similar in shape and size)

3. Sori with peltate indusium --Oleandraceae

3. Sori without indusial --Polypodiaceae

2. Fronds dimorphic (fertile fronds significantly smaller than the sterile ones)

4. Sori in elongate-linear groups that are lateral to the midvein; indusium entire, elongate

--Blechnaceae (Blechnum)

4. Sori dispersed on lower leaf surface; indusium absent

5. Leaflets margins serrate or serrulate [add characters?] --Lomariopsidaceae

5. Leaflet margins crenate --Dryopteridaceae

1. Plant an anthophyte (flowering plant)

6. Leaves wanting, stems photosynthetic, with clusters of spines --Cactaceae

6. Leaves present; stems not as above

7. Leaves compound

8. Leaves alternate --Anacardiaceae

8. Leaves opposite --Bignoniaceae (Dolichandra)

7. Leaves simple

9. Leaves opposite

10. Corolla of free petals

11. Leaf venation acrodromous (5-9 main parallel veins) --Melastomataceae

11. Leaf venation pinnate

12. Leaves serrate; inflorescences with large, showy bracts --Hydrangeaceae

12. Leaves entire; inflorescences without large, showy bracts

13. Sepals with 2 large oil glands; petals yellow, clawed

--Malpighiaceae (Mascagnia vacciniifolia)

13. Sepals not bearing oil glands; petals cream or greenish, not clawed

14. Fruit indehiscent --Calophyllaceae

14. Fruit dehiscent --Clusiaceae

10. Corolla sympetalous

15. Stipules interpetiolar --Rubiaceae

15. Stipules wanting

16. Flowers with large, colorful bracts at base; stamens 4, staminodes 0; fruit capsular --Gesneriaceae

16. Flowers not bearing large bracteoles at base; stamens 2, staminodes 2; fruit a drupe

--Schlegeliaceae

9. Leaves alternate

17. Plant a monocot; stems with an atactostele

18. Flowers large, with well-developed perianth; central petal forming a labellum, solitary, in racemes

or umbels --Orchidaceae

18. Flowers minute, perianth small or wanting, produced in spikes

19. Leaves usually cordate, sagittate or truncate at base; stamens 3-6; ovary 1-3-locular --Araceae

19. Leaves attenuate at base; stamens 10-20; ovary 4-locular --Cyclanthaceae

17. Plant a dicot; stems with an eustele

20. Plant with milky sap --Moraceae (Ficus)

20. Plants with watery sap

21. Flowers naked or with minute perianth

22. Leaves with entire margins; stem’s cross section with wide rays; flowers naked, produced

in spikes; stems and leaves not stinging --Piperaceae

22. Leaves with dentate margins; stem’s cross section with inconspicuous rays; flowers with 4 minute

sepals, produced in cymes; young stems and leaves stinging --Urticaceae

21. Flowers with well-developed perianth

23. Inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc flowers --Asteraceae

23. Inflorescence not a capitulum, flowers all similar

24. Inflorescences with large nectaries, these either in the center of inflorescence or on

the pedicels --Marcgraviaceae

24. Inflorescences not carrying nectaries

25. Leaves asymmetrical at base; flowers unisexual; corolla absent --Begoniaceae

25. Leaves symmetrical; flowers bisexual; corolla present

26. Corolla of free petals --Araliaceae

26. Corolla sympetalous

27. Ovary inferior; corolla not plicate --Ericaceae

27. Ovary superior; corolla plicate --Solanaceae

PLANTS TWINING

1. Plant a pteridophyte; leaf with indeterminate growth (> 2 m long), leaf rachis voluble

2. Sporangia produced on projections along the leaflet margin --Lygodiaceae

2. Sporangia produced on abaxial surface of fronds, covered by an elongated, linear indusium lateral

to the midvein --Blechnaceae (Salpichaena)

1. Plant a spermatophyte; leaves with determinate growth, leaf rachis not voluble

3. Leaves alternate

4. Plants with white latex --Convolvulaceae

4. Plants with clear latex or latex not visible

5. Leaves compound

6. Leaves palmately compound; stipules lacking --Dioscoreaceae

6. Leaves variously compound, not palmate

7. Stipules present --Fabaceae

7. Stipules absent --Connaraceae

5. Leaves simple

8. Leaves peltate --Hernandiaceae

8. Leaves not peltate

9. Leaves with parallel secondary venation

10. Leaves clearly petioled; petioles, pulvinate at base; flowers actinomorphic, usually green

or cream --Dioscoreaceae

10. Leaves not evidently petioled forming a sheath at base; flowers zygomorphic, variously colored

but not green or cream

11. Perianth formed by tepals of similar coloration; ovary semi-inferior; seeds with orange-red

sarcotesta --Alstroemeriaceae

11. Perianth of sepals and petals, usually of different coloration; ovary superior; seeds

not sarcotestal --Commelinaceae

9. Leaves with pinnate secondary venation

12. Flower formed by an enlarged inflated calyx (a utricle); corolla wanting (bark corky, with

conical projections); stem with axial vascular elements in radial segments --Aristolochiaceae

12. Flower not as above

13. Leaves with entire or crenate margins

14. Stipules wanting

15. Pubescence of stinging trichomes [need to confirm twining] --Loasaceae (Fuertesia)

15. Pubescence without stinging trichomes

16. Corolla sympetalous

17. Fruit a capsule --Convolvulaceae

17. Fruit a berry

18. Inflorescence an scorpioid cyme; anthers loculicidal --Boraginaceae

18. Inflorescence not scorpioid; anthers poricidal --Solanaceae

16. Corolla wanting or petals free

19. Flowers without perianth, produced in spikes --Piperaceae

19. Flowers with perianth, not produced in spikes

20. Plant with a pair of axillary, recurved thorns at the base of leaves; petals

and stamens numerous --Cactaceae (Pereskia)

20. Plant lacking thorns; petals wanting or petals and stamens 3 or 5

21. Plant with strong disagreeable smell; flower lacking petals --Phytolaccaceae

21. Plant without disagreeable smell; flowers with 3 to 5 petals

22. Flowers 3-merous; fruits in drupaceous monocarps --Menispermaceae

22. Flowers 5-merous; fruit a berry, utricle, or samaroid mericarps

23. Sepals biglandular; fruits of 3 samaroid mericarps

--Malpighiaceae (Barnebya)

23. Sepals not glandular; fruit a berry or an utricle

24. Stems woody, with successive, discontinuous, rings of

vascular tissue; leaves chartaceous; fruit a

circumscessile, membranous utricle --Amaranthaceae

24. Stems fleshy, with vascular elements divided in radial

segments (in species with secondary growth);

fruit a berry --Basellaceae

14. Stipules present

25. Stipules forming an ochrea; petals wanting --Polygonaceae

25. Stipules, free, not forming an ochrea; petals bifid --Dichapetalaceae

13. Leaves with serrate, lobed, or dentate margins

26. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae (Leonis, Pseudogynoxys)

26. Inflorescence otherwise

27. Flowers unisexual --Euphorbiaceae

27. Flowers bisexual

28. Corolla sympetalous --Plantaginaceae

28. Corolla of free petals

29. Petals unequal, one of them spurred --Violaceae

29. Petals equal, not forming a spur

30. Stamens numerous; bark exfoliating in thin, reddish brown,

rectangular plates --Dilleniaceae

30. Stamens 5; bark smooth or slightly rough, not exfoliating

31. Stems with successive rings of vascular tissue, producing a

mucilaginous secretion; flowers lacking a nectary disc;

fruit a drupe --Icacinaceae

31. Stems without successive growth of vascular tissue; flower with an

annular nectary disc; fruit a capsule --Celastraceae (Celastrus)

3. Leaves opposite, verticillate or fasciculate

32. Leaves verticillate or fasciculate

33. Leaves fasciculate, with parallel venation; plant lacking white sap --Asparagaceae

33. Leaves verticillate, with pinnate venation; plant usually with white sap --Apocynaceae

32. Leaves opposite

34. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae

34. Inflorescence of racemose or paniculate cymes

35. Stipules present

36. Petioles and/or leaf blade usually with prominent glands; sepals usually with a pair of oil

glands; petals clawed; fruits usually a samaroid schizocarp --Malpighiaceae

36. Petioles and leaf blades without glands; sepals without oil glands; petals not keeled; fruits

not samaroid

37. Corolla of unequal, free petals, one of them spurred --Trigoniaceae

37. Corolla sympetalous

38. Plant without white latex; ovary inferior; fruit a berry, capsule or drupe --Rubiaceae

38. Plant usually with white latex; ovary superior; fruits usually of

apocarpous follicles --Apocynaceae

35. Stipules wanting

39. Stems with successive production of vascular tissues

40. Stems producing a cream latex; “flowers” in unisexual verticels on bisexual

strobili; areoles lacking free veinlets --Gnetaceae

40. Stems not producing latex; flowers bisexual in spikes or panicles;

areoles with a free veinlet --Amaranthaceae

39. Stems with regular anatomy,

41. Leaf venation acrodromous, with several main veins from base --Melastomataceae

41. Leaf venation pinnate

42. Corolla of free petals, or absent

43. Calyx cupular or tubular, without oil glands; petals much smaller than the calyx

or absent; stems usually with mucilaginous exudate and intraxylematic phloem;

cortex usually with layers of sclereids --Combretaceae

43. Calyx with free sepals, 4 of them with a large oil gland; petals clawed, larger

than the sepals; stems not producing a mucilaginous exudate; cortex with

bundles of sclereids or these absent

--Malpighiaceae (Lophopterys and some Heteropterys)

42. Corolla tubular, larger than the calyx; stems not showing mucilaginous exudate

44. Leaves compound

45. Stems woody; ovary superior; petioles not prehensile --Oleaceae

45. Stems herbaceous; ovary inferior (some species also with

prehensile petioles) --Caprifoliaceae

45. Leaves simple

46. Flowers subtended by two, large bracteoles

--Acanthaceae (Mendoncia, Thunbergia)

46. Flowers not subtended by large bracteoles

47. Corolla gibose (lower portion forming a large pouch) --Calceolariaceae

47. Corolla not gibose

48. Inflorescences dichotomously branched cymes; placentation parietal

--Gentianaceae (Bisgoeppertia)

48. Inflorescences not dichotomously branched; placentation axial

49. Ovary not lobed; style terminal --Verbenaceae

49. Ovary 4-lobed; style gynobasic --Lamiaceae

PLANTS SCRAMBLER AND SPINY

1. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae (Dasyphyllum)

1. Inflorescence not a capitulum

2. Leaves simple

3. Leaves opposite --Acanthaceae (Oplonia)

3. Leaves alternate

4. Leaves with serrate margins

5. Leaf with a pair of recurved stipular spines at the base; flowers unisexual; ovary

bicarpellate; fruit a fleshy drupe --Cannabaceae

5. Leaves without recurved stipular spines; flowers bisexual; ovary 3-5-carpellate; fruit not a drupe

6. Flowers in axillary cymes; petals with an unguiculate, apical appendage; fruit a schizocarp

--Malvaceae (Byttneria)

6. Flowers in axillary fascicles; petals wanting; fruit a fleshy capsule --Salicaceae

4. Leaves with entire margins

7. Corolla sympetalous

8. Leaves fasciculate, on short lateral clusters; anthers opening along lateral slits

--Boraginaceae (Rochefortia)

8. Leaves alternate; anthers poricidal --Solanaceae (Solanum)

7. Corolla wanting

9. Calyx tubular --Nyctaginaceae

9. Calyx of free sepals -- Petiveriaceae

2. Leaves compound

10. Climbing palms; distal leaflets usually modified into reflexed hooks; inflorescence subtended

by a large, woody, spiny spathe --Arecaceae

10. Leaflets not modified into hooks; inflorescences not subtended by a spathe

11. Leaves glandular punctate; fruit a capsule --Rutaceae

11. Leaves not glandular punctate; fruit not capsular

12. Stamens numerous; carpels numerous, coherent; fruits a syncarp of numerous,

minute, coherent drupes --Rosaceae

12. Stamens ca. 10; carpel solitary; fruit a legume --Fabaceae

PLANTS SCRAMBLER NOT BEARING SPINES

1. Plant a pteridophyte

2. Leaves scale-like, with a single unbranched vein --Selaginellaceae

2. Leaves well developed with reticulate venation

3. Sori marginal or submarginal on fronds --Dennstaedtiaceae

3. Sori on abaxial side of fronds

4. Fronds bifurcate; lamina pinnatisect --Gleicheniaceae

4. Fronds pinnately compound, lamina dichotomously divided into narrow segments --Pteridaceae

1. Plant an antophyte (flowering plant)

5. Plant a monocot

6. Flowers lacking perianth

7. Weak herbs with trigonous, solid stems--Cyperaceae

7. Wiry or sub-woody herbs with cylindrical, solid or hollow stems --Poaceae

8. Flowers with showy perianth

9. Plant a climbing palm --Arecaceae (Chamaedorea)

9. Plants herbaceous not a palm

10. Petals, blue, violet, pink or white; stamens 3; staminodes

3, not petaloid --Commelinaceae

10. Petals whitish to pink; stamen 1; staminodes 5, petaloid or

modified into a hood --Marantaceae

5. Plant a dicot

11. Leaves compound

12. Leaves opposite --Bignoniaceae (Podranea, Tecoma)

12. Leaves alternate

13. Stipules present; fruit a legume -- Fabaceae

13. Stipules absent; fruit not a legume

14. Plant herbaceous 1-2 m long; fruit capsular

15. Petals 4; ovary subtended by a gynophore --Cleomaceae

15. Petals 5; ovary sessile --Oxalidaceae

14. Plants woody > 3 m long; fruit a drupe or follicle

16. Leaflets crenate to serrulate; fruit a drupe --Anacardiaceae

16. Leaflets entire; fruit a follicle --Connaraceae

11. Leaves simple

17. Leaves opposite or verticillate

18. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae

18. Inflorescence not a capitulum

19. Corolla gamopetalous

20. Plant with white latex --Apocynaceae (Allamanda)

20. Plant with clear or no visible exudate

21. Stipule interpetiolar; ovary inferior --Rubiaceae

21. Stipules absent; ovary superior

22. Fruit a capsule

23. Corolla bilabiate; capsule with hook placenta --Acanthaceae

23. Corolla regular; capsule without hook placenta

24. Inflorescences dichotomously branched cymes;

placentation parietal --Gentianaceae

24. Inflorescences not dichotomously branched;

placentation axial --Plantaginaceae

22. Fruit a drupe

25. Ovary semi-inferior --Adoxaceae

26. Ovary superior

27. Ovary, deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic

[check for add charact] --Lamiaceae

27. Ovary not lobed; style terminal --Verbenaceae

19. Corolla of free petals, or wanting

28. Leaf venation acrodromous, with several main veins from base

29. Ovary syncarpous; leaves petioled --Melastomataceae

29. Ovary completely or partially apocarpous;

leaves sessile --Coriariaceae

28. Leaf venation pinnate

30. Leaves serrulate; flowers unisexual

31. Pubescence of simple hairs; staminate flower on campanulate receptacle;

anthers 4-locular, opening through lateral slits --Monimiaceae

31. Pubescence of stellate hairs; staminate flower on urceolate receptacle;

anthers 2-locular, opening through 2 adaxial valves --Siparunaceae

30. Leaves entire; flowers bisexual

32. Stems with successive rings of vascular tissue;

fruit a circumscissile, membranous utricle --Amaranthaceae

32. Stems with regular production of vascular tissue;

fruit indehiscent, a berry or a capsule

33. Plant with watery, inconspicuous or mucilaginous

exudate; ovary inferior, calyx forming a hypanthium

34. Exudate watery or not visible; stems without perimedular

phloem; flowers solitary, pendulous; fruit a berry

--Onagraceae

34. Exudate usually mucilaginous stems with perimedular

phloem; flowers in spikes or racemes; fruit dry, indehiscent

or dehiscent, 4- or 5-winged --Combretaceae

33. Plant with yellow or orangish exudate; ovary superior; calyx

not forming a hypanthium

35. Fruit indehiscent --Calophyllaceae

35. Fruit capsular --Clusiaceae

17. Leaves alternate

36. Plant producing milky sap; stipule deciduous, elongate, forming a

conical hood that protects the apical meristem; fruit a syconium --Moraceae

36. Plant with watery or milky sap; stipule if present, not as above

37. Corolla gamopetalous

38. Flowers produced in capitula --Asteraceae

38. Flowers in racemose or paniculate inflorescence

39. Plant with white latex

40. Leaves serrulate, petioled at the base; corolla

zygomorphic --Campanulaceae

40. Leaves deeply lobed, petioles peltate; corolla

actinomorphic --Caricaceae

36. Plant with clear latex

41. Inflorescences scorpioid --Boraginaceae

42. Inflorescence not scorpioid

43. Corolla plicate --Solanaceae

43. Corolla not plicate

44. Calyx with 5 longitudinal ribs covered with stipitate

glands; fruit a valvate capsule with a single seed --Plumbaginaceae

44. Calyx not as above; fruit a berry with numerous seeds --Ericaceae

37. Corolla of free petals or wanting

45. Corolla wanting or early deciduous

46. Xylem with included islands of phloem --Nyctaginaceae

46. Xylem without included xylem

47. Flowers unisexual

48. Flowers produced in spikes; leaves usually

aromatic --Piperaceae

48. Flowers in racemes, glomerules, or cyathia; leaves

not aromatic --Euphorbiaceae

47. Flower bisexual

49. Stipules present, forming an ochrea --Polygonaceae

49. Stipules absent

50. Stems with successive rings of vascular tissue; fruit a

circumscissile, membranous utricle --Amaranthaceae

50. Stems with regular vascular tissue; fruit a capsule or a berry

51. Petals early deciduous; styles 3-5, elongated; fruit

Capsular --Stegnospermataceae

51. Petals absent; style wanting, stigma plumose or brush-

like --Petiveriaceae (Trichostigma)

45. Corolla present

52. Flower with a nectar spur

53. Nectar spur formed by lower petals --Violaceae

53. Nectar spur formed by sepals --Tropaeolaceae

52. Flower lacking a nectar spur

54. Flower zygomorphic --Polygalaceae

54. Flower actinomorphic

55. Flower subtended by a bract that is modified into a nectary of

various shape --Marcgraviaceae

55. Flower not subtended by a nectary

56. Ovary subtended by a gynophore --Capparaceae

56. Ovary sessile

57. Flower apocarpous, with numerous stamens --Annonaceae

57. Flower syncarpous; stamens 5 or 10

58. Petals bifid; inflorescence born at apex of

petioles --Dichapetalaceae

58. Petals simple; inflorescence axillary or distal

59. Stamens in a staminal tube --Symplocaceae

59. Stamens free

60. Flower unisexual

61. Stems quadrangular; calyx forming a

hypanthium; ovary inferior; stamens

alternating with petals --Griseliniaceae

61. Stem cylindrical; calyx not forming a

hypanthium; ovary superior; stamens

opposite to petals --Phyllanthaceae

60. Flowers bisexual

62. Calyx forming a large hypanthium

63. Plant without stinging trichomes;

ovary superior; petals unguiculate, much

shorter than the calyx --Lythraceae

63. Plant with stinging trichomes; ovary

inferior; petals sessile or unguiculate, as

long as the calyx --Loasaceae

62. Calyx not forming a hypanthium

64. Petals with unguiculate apical appendage;

fruits a schizocarp --Malvaceae

64. Petals lacking an unguiculate apical

appendage; fruit a drupe

65. Stamens 5 or 6

66. Stamens 5 or 6, anthers opening

by small flaps; petals sessile, not

covering the stamens -- Lauraceae

66. Stamens 5; petals unguiculate,

concave, partially covering the

opposite stamen --Rhamnaceae

65. Stamens 10 or 15; petals not as

above

67. Fruit with an accrescent calyx at

the base --Erythropalaceae

67. Fruit without an acrescent calyx

at base -- Olacaceae

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