DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
LIANAS AND CLIMBING PLANTS OF THE NEOTROPICS
Key based on climbing mechanisms
1. Tendrils derived from the apical or basal portion of leaf
2. Tendrils representing an extension of the midvein; inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc
flowers --Asteraceae (Mutisia)
2. Tendrils arising from the petiole or leaf sheath; inflorescence a cyme --Smilacaceae
1. Tendrils entirely substituting one or more leaflets
3. Tendril substituting the distal leaflet; leaves trifoliolate and opposite; stem’s cross sections with 4 or
multiple of 4 phloem wedges --Bignoniaceae
3. Tendril substituting two or more distal leaflets or pinna; leaves pinnately compound, alternate;
stem’s cross section without phloem wedges
4. Leaves bipinnate; tendrils representing two opposite, distal pinna --Fabaceae (Entada)
4. Leaves once pinnate; tendrils representing several, alternate, distal leaflets
5. Plant herbaceous, stipules present; corolla with standard, keel and wing petals --Fabaceae (Vicia)
5. Plants woody or semi-woody; stipules absent; corolla sympetalous
6. Inflorescence a raceme; all flowers similar; fruit a capsule --Polemoniaceae (Cobaea)
6. Inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc flowers; fruit an achene Asteraceae (Mutisia)
1. Tendril and inflorescences opposite to the leaves --Vitaceae
1. Tendrils axillary, lateral to a leaf, or part of the inflorescence; inflorescence axillary or distal
2. Tendrils developed from a portion of the inflorescence
3. Tendrils distal on inflorescence branches --Polygonaceae (Antigonon)
3. Tendrils basal to the inflorescence
4. Tendrils in pairs --Sapindaceae
4. Tendrils solitary
5. Stems straight, cylindrical with a round medulla; leaves simple, with serrate margins;
fruit a septicidal, trigonous capsule --Rhamnaceae (Reissekia)
5. Stems often sinuate, asymmetrical (lobed, quadrangular, flattened), with a cross-shaped medulla;
leaves with several arcuate secondary veins arising from the base, blade often bifoliolate to deeply
retuse at the apex; fruit a legume --Fabaceae (Schnella)
2. Tendrils not developing from the inflorescence
6. Tendrils axillary-lateral (usually at 90° angle with petiole), mostly branched --Cucurbitaceae
6. Tendrils axillary, unbranched
7. Tendrils helicoidal; petioles usually with nectary glands; stems usually with phloem wedges
--Passifloraceae
7. Tendril circinate (at least in young stages)
8. Tendrils in pairs at end of short axis --Sapindaceae
8. Tendrils solitary
9. Leaves opposite; xylem with included islands of phloem -- Loganiaceae
9. Leaves alternate; xylem lacking islands of included phloem
10. Stems straight, cylindrical with a round medulla; leaves simple, with serrate margins;
fruit a septicidal, trigonous capsule --Rhamnaceae (Gouania)
10. Stems often sinuate, asymmetrical (lobed, quadrangular, flattened), with a cross-shaped medulla;
leaves with several arcuate secondary veins arising from the base, blade often bifoliolate
to deeply retuse at the apex; fruit a legume --Fabaceae (Schnella)
1. Leaves with numerous, secondary and tertiary parallel veins; calyx and corolla fused into tubular perianth;
drupes covered by an accrescent calyx --Thymelaeaceae
1. Leaves with reticulate or scalariform tertiary venation; calyx and corolla not fused, petals free; fruits
without an accrescent calyx
2. Leaves and prehensile branches opposite, precociously developing before the leaves --Celastraceae
2. Leaves and prehensile branches alternate, usually developing simultaneously with the leaves
3. Leaves simple
4. Flower zygomorphic; inner sepals petaloid; fruit syncarpous or a samara --Polygalaceae
4. Corolla actinomorphic, petals all equal; fruits apocarpous --Menispermaceae
3. Leaves compound
5. Stipule absent; flowers actinomorphic produced in racemes; fruit a single or several follicles --Connaraceae
5. Stipules present; flowers zygomorphic or if actinomorphic, produced in capitula; fruit a legume --Fabaceae
1. Inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc flowers --Asteraceae (Hidalgoa)
1. Inflorescence cymose with all flowers similar, or flowers solitary
2. Leaves simple, alternate; flowers solitary
3. Leaves peltate; calyx with a long spur --Tropaeolaceae
3. Leaves not peltate; calyx not bearing a spur --Plantaginaceae (Lophospermum)
2. Leaves compound, opposite; flowers produced in cymes
4. Corolla wanting; stamens numerous; gynoecium of several free carpels; bark shaggy peeling off in
fibrous strands --Ranunculaceae
4. Corolla sympetalous; stamens 4; gynoecium syncarpous; bark smooth to rough but not peeling off in
fibrous strands
5. Plant herbaceous (stems 3-8 mm diam.); flowers minute (2-5 mm long); ovary inferior
--Caprifoliaceae (Valeriana)
5. Plant woody (stems 1-3 cm diam.); flower large (> 3 cm long); ovary superior
--Bignoniaceae (Perianthomega)
1. Plant a pteridophyte
2. Fronds monomorphic (fertile and sterile fronds similar in shape and size)
3. Sori with peltate indusium --Oleandraceae
3. Sori without indusial --Polypodiaceae
2. Fronds dimorphic (fertile fronds significantly smaller than the sterile ones)
4. Sori in elongate-linear groups that are lateral to the midvein; indusium entire, elongate
--Blechnaceae (Blechnum)
4. Sori dispersed on lower leaf surface; indusium absent
5. Leaflets margins serrate or serrulate [add characters?] --Lomariopsidaceae
5. Leaflet margins crenate --Dryopteridaceae
1. Plant an anthophyte (flowering plant)
6. Leaves wanting, stems photosynthetic, with clusters of spines --Cactaceae
6. Leaves present; stems not as above
7. Leaves compound
8. Leaves alternate --Anacardiaceae
8. Leaves opposite --Bignoniaceae (Dolichandra)
7. Leaves simple
9. Leaves opposite
10. Corolla of free petals
11. Leaf venation acrodromous (5-9 main parallel veins) --Melastomataceae
11. Leaf venation pinnate
12. Leaves serrate; inflorescences with large, showy bracts --Hydrangeaceae
12. Leaves entire; inflorescences without large, showy bracts
13. Sepals with 2 large oil glands; petals yellow, clawed
--Malpighiaceae (Mascagnia vacciniifolia)
13. Sepals not bearing oil glands; petals cream or greenish, not clawed
14. Fruit indehiscent --Calophyllaceae
14. Fruit dehiscent --Clusiaceae
10. Corolla sympetalous
15. Stipules interpetiolar --Rubiaceae
15. Stipules wanting
16. Flowers with large, colorful bracts at base; stamens 4, staminodes 0; fruit capsular --Gesneriaceae
16. Flowers not bearing large bracteoles at base; stamens 2, staminodes 2; fruit a drupe
--Schlegeliaceae
9. Leaves alternate
17. Plant a monocot; stems with an atactostele
18. Flowers large, with well-developed perianth; central petal forming a labellum, solitary, in racemes
or umbels --Orchidaceae
18. Flowers minute, perianth small or wanting, produced in spikes
19. Leaves usually cordate, sagittate or truncate at base; stamens 3-6; ovary 1-3-locular --Araceae
19. Leaves attenuate at base; stamens 10-20; ovary 4-locular --Cyclanthaceae
17. Plant a dicot; stems with an eustele
20. Plant with milky sap --Moraceae (Ficus)
20. Plants with watery sap
21. Flowers naked or with minute perianth
22. Leaves with entire margins; stem’s cross section with wide rays; flowers naked, produced
in spikes; stems and leaves not stinging --Piperaceae
22. Leaves with dentate margins; stem’s cross section with inconspicuous rays; flowers with 4 minute
sepals, produced in cymes; young stems and leaves stinging --Urticaceae
21. Flowers with well-developed perianth
23. Inflorescence a capitulum with ray and disc flowers --Asteraceae
23. Inflorescence not a capitulum, flowers all similar
24. Inflorescences with large nectaries, these either in the center of inflorescence or on
the pedicels --Marcgraviaceae
24. Inflorescences not carrying nectaries
25. Leaves asymmetrical at base; flowers unisexual; corolla absent --Begoniaceae
25. Leaves symmetrical; flowers bisexual; corolla present
26. Corolla of free petals --Araliaceae
26. Corolla sympetalous
27. Ovary inferior; corolla not plicate --Ericaceae
27. Ovary superior; corolla plicate --Solanaceae
1. Plant a pteridophyte; leaf with indeterminate growth (> 2 m long), leaf rachis voluble
2. Sporangia produced on projections along the leaflet margin --Lygodiaceae
2. Sporangia produced on abaxial surface of fronds, covered by an elongated, linear indusium lateral
to the midvein --Blechnaceae (Salpichaena)
1. Plant a spermatophyte; leaves with determinate growth, leaf rachis not voluble
3. Leaves alternate
4. Plants with white latex --Convolvulaceae
4. Plants with clear latex or latex not visible
5. Leaves compound
6. Leaves palmately compound; stipules lacking --Dioscoreaceae
6. Leaves variously compound, not palmate
7. Stipules present --Fabaceae
7. Stipules absent --Connaraceae
5. Leaves simple
8. Leaves peltate --Hernandiaceae
8. Leaves not peltate
9. Leaves with parallel secondary venation
10. Leaves clearly petioled; petioles, pulvinate at base; flowers actinomorphic, usually green
or cream --Dioscoreaceae
10. Leaves not evidently petioled forming a sheath at base; flowers zygomorphic, variously colored
but not green or cream
11. Perianth formed by tepals of similar coloration; ovary semi-inferior; seeds with orange-red
sarcotesta --Alstroemeriaceae
11. Perianth of sepals and petals, usually of different coloration; ovary superior; seeds
not sarcotestal --Commelinaceae
9. Leaves with pinnate secondary venation
12. Flower formed by an enlarged inflated calyx (a utricle); corolla wanting (bark corky, with
conical projections); stem with axial vascular elements in radial segments --Aristolochiaceae
12. Flower not as above
13. Leaves with entire or crenate margins
14. Stipules wanting
15. Pubescence of stinging trichomes [need to confirm twining] --Loasaceae (Fuertesia)
15. Pubescence without stinging trichomes
16. Corolla sympetalous
17. Fruit a capsule --Convolvulaceae
17. Fruit a berry
18. Inflorescence an scorpioid cyme; anthers loculicidal --Boraginaceae
18. Inflorescence not scorpioid; anthers poricidal --Solanaceae
16. Corolla wanting or petals free
19. Flowers without perianth, produced in spikes --Piperaceae
19. Flowers with perianth, not produced in spikes
20. Plant with a pair of axillary, recurved thorns at the base of leaves; petals
and stamens numerous --Cactaceae (Pereskia)
20. Plant lacking thorns; petals wanting or petals and stamens 3 or 5
21. Plant with strong disagreeable smell; flower lacking petals --Phytolaccaceae
21. Plant without disagreeable smell; flowers with 3 to 5 petals
22. Flowers 3-merous; fruits in drupaceous monocarps --Menispermaceae
22. Flowers 5-merous; fruit a berry, utricle, or samaroid mericarps
23. Sepals biglandular; fruits of 3 samaroid mericarps
--Malpighiaceae (Barnebya)
23. Sepals not glandular; fruit a berry or an utricle
24. Stems woody, with successive, discontinuous, rings of
vascular tissue; leaves chartaceous; fruit a
circumscessile, membranous utricle --Amaranthaceae
24. Stems fleshy, with vascular elements divided in radial
segments (in species with secondary growth);
fruit a berry --Basellaceae
14. Stipules present
25. Stipules forming an ochrea; petals wanting --Polygonaceae
25. Stipules, free, not forming an ochrea; petals bifid --Dichapetalaceae
13. Leaves with serrate, lobed, or dentate margins
26. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae (Leonis, Pseudogynoxys)
26. Inflorescence otherwise
27. Flowers unisexual --Euphorbiaceae
27. Flowers bisexual
28. Corolla sympetalous --Plantaginaceae
28. Corolla of free petals
29. Petals unequal, one of them spurred --Violaceae
29. Petals equal, not forming a spur
30. Stamens numerous; bark exfoliating in thin, reddish brown,
rectangular plates --Dilleniaceae
30. Stamens 5; bark smooth or slightly rough, not exfoliating
31. Stems with successive rings of vascular tissue, producing a
mucilaginous secretion; flowers lacking a nectary disc;
fruit a drupe --Icacinaceae
31. Stems without successive growth of vascular tissue; flower with an
annular nectary disc; fruit a capsule --Celastraceae (Celastrus)
3. Leaves opposite, verticillate or fasciculate
32. Leaves verticillate or fasciculate
33. Leaves fasciculate, with parallel venation; plant lacking white sap --Asparagaceae
33. Leaves verticillate, with pinnate venation; plant usually with white sap --Apocynaceae
32. Leaves opposite
34. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae
34. Inflorescence of racemose or paniculate cymes
35. Stipules present
36. Petioles and/or leaf blade usually with prominent glands; sepals usually with a pair of oil
glands; petals clawed; fruits usually a samaroid schizocarp --Malpighiaceae
36. Petioles and leaf blades without glands; sepals without oil glands; petals not keeled; fruits
not samaroid
37. Corolla of unequal, free petals, one of them spurred --Trigoniaceae
37. Corolla sympetalous
38. Plant without white latex; ovary inferior; fruit a berry, capsule or drupe --Rubiaceae
38. Plant usually with white latex; ovary superior; fruits usually of
apocarpous follicles --Apocynaceae
35. Stipules wanting
39. Stems with successive production of vascular tissues
40. Stems producing a cream latex; “flowers” in unisexual verticels on bisexual
strobili; areoles lacking free veinlets --Gnetaceae
40. Stems not producing latex; flowers bisexual in spikes or panicles;
areoles with a free veinlet --Amaranthaceae
39. Stems with regular anatomy,
41. Leaf venation acrodromous, with several main veins from base --Melastomataceae
41. Leaf venation pinnate
42. Corolla of free petals, or absent
43. Calyx cupular or tubular, without oil glands; petals much smaller than the calyx
or absent; stems usually with mucilaginous exudate and intraxylematic phloem;
cortex usually with layers of sclereids --Combretaceae
43. Calyx with free sepals, 4 of them with a large oil gland; petals clawed, larger
than the sepals; stems not producing a mucilaginous exudate; cortex with
bundles of sclereids or these absent
--Malpighiaceae (Lophopterys and some Heteropterys)
42. Corolla tubular, larger than the calyx; stems not showing mucilaginous exudate
44. Leaves compound
45. Stems woody; ovary superior; petioles not prehensile --Oleaceae
45. Stems herbaceous; ovary inferior (some species also with
prehensile petioles) --Caprifoliaceae
45. Leaves simple
46. Flowers subtended by two, large bracteoles
--Acanthaceae (Mendoncia, Thunbergia)
46. Flowers not subtended by large bracteoles
47. Corolla gibose (lower portion forming a large pouch) --Calceolariaceae
47. Corolla not gibose
48. Inflorescences dichotomously branched cymes; placentation parietal
--Gentianaceae (Bisgoeppertia)
48. Inflorescences not dichotomously branched; placentation axial
49. Ovary not lobed; style terminal --Verbenaceae
49. Ovary 4-lobed; style gynobasic --Lamiaceae
1. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae (Dasyphyllum)
1. Inflorescence not a capitulum
2. Leaves simple
3. Leaves opposite --Acanthaceae (Oplonia)
4. Leaves with serrate margins
5. Leaf with a pair of recurved stipular spines at the base; flowers unisexual; ovary
bicarpellate; fruit a fleshy drupe --Cannabaceae
5. Leaves without recurved stipular spines; flowers bisexual; ovary 3-5-carpellate; fruit not a drupe
6. Flowers in axillary cymes; petals with an unguiculate, apical appendage; fruit a schizocarp
--Malvaceae (Byttneria)
6. Flowers in axillary fascicles; petals wanting; fruit a fleshy capsule --Salicaceae
4. Leaves with entire margins
7. Corolla sympetalous
8. Leaves fasciculate, on short lateral clusters; anthers opening along lateral slits
--Boraginaceae (Rochefortia)
8. Leaves alternate; anthers poricidal --Solanaceae (Solanum)
7. Corolla wanting
9. Calyx tubular --Nyctaginaceae
9. Calyx of free sepals -- Petiveriaceae
2. Leaves compound
10. Climbing palms; distal leaflets usually modified into reflexed hooks; inflorescence subtended
by a large, woody, spiny spathe --Arecaceae
10. Leaflets not modified into hooks; inflorescences not subtended by a spathe
11. Leaves glandular punctate; fruit a capsule --Rutaceae
11. Leaves not glandular punctate; fruit not capsular
12. Stamens numerous; carpels numerous, coherent; fruits a syncarp of numerous,
minute, coherent drupes --Rosaceae
12. Stamens ca. 10; carpel solitary; fruit a legume --Fabaceae
2. Leaves scale-like, with a single unbranched vein --Selaginellaceae
2. Leaves well developed with reticulate venation
3. Sori marginal or submarginal on fronds --Dennstaedtiaceae
3. Sori on abaxial side of fronds
4. Fronds bifurcate; lamina pinnatisect --Gleicheniaceae
4. Fronds pinnately compound, lamina dichotomously divided into narrow segments --Pteridaceae
1. Plant an antophyte (flowering plant)
5. Plant a monocot
6. Flowers lacking perianth
7. Weak herbs with trigonous, solid stems--Cyperaceae
7. Wiry or sub-woody herbs with cylindrical, solid or hollow stems --Poaceae
8. Flowers with showy perianth
9. Plant a climbing palm --Arecaceae (Chamaedorea)
9. Plants herbaceous not a palm
10. Petals, blue, violet, pink or white; stamens 3; staminodes
3, not petaloid --Commelinaceae
10. Petals whitish to pink; stamen 1; staminodes 5, petaloid or
modified into a hood --Marantaceae
5. Plant a dicot
11. Leaves compound
12. Leaves opposite --Bignoniaceae (Podranea, Tecoma)
12. Leaves alternate
13. Stipules present; fruit a legume -- Fabaceae
13. Stipules absent; fruit not a legume
14. Plant herbaceous 1-2 m long; fruit capsular
15. Petals 4; ovary subtended by a gynophore --Cleomaceae
15. Petals 5; ovary sessile --Oxalidaceae
14. Plants woody > 3 m long; fruit a drupe or follicle
16. Leaflets crenate to serrulate; fruit a drupe --Anacardiaceae
16. Leaflets entire; fruit a follicle --Connaraceae
11. Leaves simple
17. Leaves opposite or verticillate
18. Inflorescence a capitulum --Asteraceae
18. Inflorescence not a capitulum
19. Corolla gamopetalous
20. Plant with white latex --Apocynaceae (Allamanda)
20. Plant with clear or no visible exudate
21. Stipule interpetiolar; ovary inferior --Rubiaceae
21. Stipules absent; ovary superior
22. Fruit a capsule
23. Corolla bilabiate; capsule with hook placenta --Acanthaceae
23. Corolla regular; capsule without hook placenta
24. Inflorescences dichotomously branched cymes;
placentation parietal --Gentianaceae
24. Inflorescences not dichotomously branched;
placentation axial --Plantaginaceae
22. Fruit a drupe
25. Ovary semi-inferior --Adoxaceae
26. Ovary superior
27. Ovary, deeply 4-lobed; style gynobasic
[check for add charact] --Lamiaceae
27. Ovary not lobed; style terminal --Verbenaceae
19. Corolla of free petals, or wanting
28. Leaf venation acrodromous, with several main veins from base
29. Ovary syncarpous; leaves petioled --Melastomataceae
29. Ovary completely or partially apocarpous;
leaves sessile --Coriariaceae
28. Leaf venation pinnate
30. Leaves serrulate; flowers unisexual
31. Pubescence of simple hairs; staminate flower on campanulate receptacle;
anthers 4-locular, opening through lateral slits --Monimiaceae
31. Pubescence of stellate hairs; staminate flower on urceolate receptacle;
anthers 2-locular, opening through 2 adaxial valves --Siparunaceae
30. Leaves entire; flowers bisexual
32. Stems with successive rings of vascular tissue;
fruit a circumscissile, membranous utricle --Amaranthaceae
32. Stems with regular production of vascular tissue;
fruit indehiscent, a berry or a capsule
33. Plant with watery, inconspicuous or mucilaginous
exudate; ovary inferior, calyx forming a hypanthium
34. Exudate watery or not visible; stems without perimedular
phloem; flowers solitary, pendulous; fruit a berry
--Onagraceae
34. Exudate usually mucilaginous stems with perimedular
phloem; flowers in spikes or racemes; fruit dry, indehiscent
or dehiscent, 4- or 5-winged --Combretaceae
33. Plant with yellow or orangish exudate; ovary superior; calyx
not forming a hypanthium
35. Fruit indehiscent --Calophyllaceae
35. Fruit capsular --Clusiaceae
17. Leaves alternate
36. Plant producing milky sap; stipule deciduous, elongate, forming a
conical hood that protects the apical meristem; fruit a syconium --Moraceae
36. Plant with watery or milky sap; stipule if present, not as above
37. Corolla gamopetalous
38. Flowers produced in capitula --Asteraceae
38. Flowers in racemose or paniculate inflorescence
39. Plant with white latex
40. Leaves serrulate, petioled at the base; corolla
zygomorphic --Campanulaceae
40. Leaves deeply lobed, petioles peltate; corolla
actinomorphic --Caricaceae
36. Plant with clear latex
41. Inflorescences scorpioid --Boraginaceae
42. Inflorescence not scorpioid
43. Corolla plicate --Solanaceae
43. Corolla not plicate
44. Calyx with 5 longitudinal ribs covered with stipitate
glands; fruit a valvate capsule with a single seed --Plumbaginaceae
44. Calyx not as above; fruit a berry with numerous seeds --Ericaceae
37. Corolla of free petals or wanting
45. Corolla wanting or early deciduous
46. Xylem with included islands of phloem --Nyctaginaceae
46. Xylem without included xylem
47. Flowers unisexual
48. Flowers produced in spikes; leaves usually
aromatic --Piperaceae
48. Flowers in racemes, glomerules, or cyathia; leaves
not aromatic --Euphorbiaceae
47. Flower bisexual
49. Stipules present, forming an ochrea --Polygonaceae
49. Stipules absent
50. Stems with successive rings of vascular tissue; fruit a
circumscissile, membranous utricle --Amaranthaceae
50. Stems with regular vascular tissue; fruit a capsule or a berry
51. Petals early deciduous; styles 3-5, elongated; fruit
Capsular --Stegnospermataceae
51. Petals absent; style wanting, stigma plumose or brush-
like --Petiveriaceae (Trichostigma)
45. Corolla present
52. Flower with a nectar spur
53. Nectar spur formed by lower petals --Violaceae
53. Nectar spur formed by sepals --Tropaeolaceae
52. Flower lacking a nectar spur
54. Flower zygomorphic --Polygalaceae
54. Flower actinomorphic
55. Flower subtended by a bract that is modified into a nectary of
various shape --Marcgraviaceae
55. Flower not subtended by a nectary
56. Ovary subtended by a gynophore --Capparaceae
56. Ovary sessile
57. Flower apocarpous, with numerous stamens --Annonaceae
57. Flower syncarpous; stamens 5 or 10
58. Petals bifid; inflorescence born at apex of
petioles --Dichapetalaceae
58. Petals simple; inflorescence axillary or distal
59. Stamens in a staminal tube --Symplocaceae
59. Stamens free
60. Flower unisexual
61. Stems quadrangular; calyx forming a
hypanthium; ovary inferior; stamens
alternating with petals --Griseliniaceae
61. Stem cylindrical; calyx not forming a
hypanthium; ovary superior; stamens
opposite to petals --Phyllanthaceae
60. Flowers bisexual
62. Calyx forming a large hypanthium
63. Plant without stinging trichomes;
ovary superior; petals unguiculate, much
shorter than the calyx --Lythraceae
63. Plant with stinging trichomes; ovary
inferior; petals sessile or unguiculate, as
long as the calyx --Loasaceae
62. Calyx not forming a hypanthium
64. Petals with unguiculate apical appendage;
fruits a schizocarp --Malvaceae
64. Petals lacking an unguiculate apical
appendage; fruit a drupe
65. Stamens 5 or 6
66. Stamens 5 or 6, anthers opening
by small flaps; petals sessile, not
covering the stamens -- Lauraceae
66. Stamens 5; petals unguiculate,
concave, partially covering the
opposite stamen --Rhamnaceae
65. Stamens 10 or 15; petals not as
above
67. Fruit with an accrescent calyx at
the base --Erythropalaceae
67. Fruit without an acrescent calyx
at base -- Olacaceae